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AP World UNIT 1 REVIEW (Everything you NEED to KNOW!)

Main Ideas

Introduction

  • The speaker is Steve Heimler, guiding stressed AP World History students for their unit one exam.

  • The time period for unit 1 is circa 1200 to 1450, focusing on major civilizations and their states.

Chinese Song Dynasty

  • The Song Dynasty (960-1279) emphasized Confucianism to maintain and justify their rule.

    • Neo-Confucianism was a revival with changes, emphasizing hierarchy and filial piety.

    • Women faced legal rights restrictions and social limitations, like foot binding.

  • Expansion of the imperial bureaucracy helped maintain rule through merit-based bureaucratic jobs.

    • Civil service exams were based on Confucian classes, open theoretically to all men.

Influence on Neighboring Regions

  • Chinese traditions influenced neighboring regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

  • These regions adopted similar state-building tactics and bureaucratic systems.

Role of Buddhism in Song China

  • Buddhism spread to China before the Song Dynasty, with teachings like the Four Noble Truths.

  • Buddhism evolved in different regions, with Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Mahayana Buddhism in East Asia.

  • Mahayana Buddhism encouraged broader participation and help from Bodhisattvas.

Economy in Song China

  • The economy in Song China is a final consideration for state building efforts.

Resource Mentioned

  • The speaker mentions a larger resource, the AP World History Heimler Review Guide, for additional help in studying for the course and exam.

Song Dynasty Economic Development

  • Prosperity Inheritance: Song rulers inherited prosperity and population growth from Tang and Sui Dynasties.

    • Population Growth: Population doubled between 8th and 10th centuries.

  • Commercialization: Manufacturers and artisans produced more goods than consumed, leading to trade across Eurasia.

    • Significant Goods: Traded goods included porcelain and silk.

  • Agricultural Innovations: Introduction of Champa rice led to increased food production and population growth.

    • Champa Rice Benefits: Early maturation, drought resistance, multiple harvests per year.

  • Transportation Innovations: Expansion of the Grand Canal facilitated trade and communication among regions.

Dar al Islam Developments

  • Islamic Faith: Dar al Islam referred to places where Islamic faith was dominant.

  • Religions Practiced: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were practiced in the heartland of the Muslim faith.

  • Abbasid Caliphate: Dominant before 1200, began to decline, replaced by Turkic Muslim empires.

  • Seljuk Empire: Established by Turkic Seljuks, played a significant role in the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.

  • Cultural and Scientific Innovations: Muslim scholars made advances in math, preserved Greek works, established House of Wisdom.

  • Expansion of Muslim Rule: Expanded through military conquest, merchant activities, and missionary work of Sufis.

South and Southeast Asia Belief Systems

  • Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam vied for dominance in South and Southeast Asia.

  • South Asia:

    • Buddhism Decline: Buddhists mainly in monastic communities in Nepal and Tibet.

    • Hinduism: Remained the most widespread religion in India.

Belief Systems and State Building

Bhakti Movement and Spread of Islam

  • Bhakti Movement in India

    • Innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism

    • Emphasized devotion to one Hindu god

    • Attracted ordinary believers tired of complex Hindu hierarchies

  • Spread of Islam

    • Delhi Sultanate established Islam as the religion of the elite in India

    • Islam spread to Southeast Asia alongside Buddhism

State Building in South Asia and Southeast Asia

  • South Asia

    • Muslim Delhi Sultanate struggled to impose total Muslim state on Hindu population

    • Rajput Kingdom resisted Muslim intrusion

    • Vijayanagara Empire emerged in the south as a counterpoint to Muslim rule

  • Southeast Asia

    • Majapahit Kingdom in Java controlled sea routes for trade

    • Khmer Empire in Cambodia showcased religious continuity and change through Angkor Wat

State Building in the Americas

  • Aztec Empire

    • Established through alliances with Mesoamerican states

    • Administered through tribute states and human sacrifice

  • Inca Empire

    • Intrusive bureaucracy to maintain power

    • Implemented the Mit'a system for labor contributions

  • Mississippian Culture

    • Focused on agriculture in the Mississippi River Valley

    • Organized around monumental mounds and large towns

State Building in Africa

  • Swahili Civilization

    • Cities organized around commerce on the East African coast

    • Influenced by Muslim traders leading to the emergence of Swahili language

    • Demonstrated intermingling of African Bantu and Arab cultures through language hybridization

Main Ideas

African Civilizations

  • Swahili States and West African Civilizations

    • Rapid Islamic influence in Swahili states due to Muslim influence.

    • West African civilizations like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empire grew through trade and adopted Islam.

    • Majority of the population in these empires retained indigenous beliefs.

  • Hausa Kingdoms

    • City-states in West Africa, similar to Swahili states.

    • Grew powerful through trade, particularly Trans-Saharan trade.

Great Zimbabwe and Ethiopia

  • Great Zimbabwe

    • Grew wealthy through trade, mainly gold exports.

    • Maintained indigenous religion, unlike Swahili and Hausa states.

  • Kingdom of Ethiopia

    • Flourished through trade, especially with Mediterranean and Arabian states.

    • Unique as a Christian state in a predominantly Islamic region.

European Belief Systems

  • Christianity in Europe

    • Two main branches: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.

    • Byzantine Empire represented Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

    • Roman Catholicism dominated Western Europe post-Roman Empire fall.

European Political Organization

  • Feudalism and Manorialism

    • Feudalism: Lords gaining allegiance from vassals in exchange for land and military service.

    • Manorialism: Peasants working on lord-owned land in exchange for protection.

    • European society and economics centered around feudal and manorial systems.

European States

  • Political Fragmentation

    • Europe decentralized politically, organized around feudalism.

    • Monarchs began to centralize power after 1000 CE, diminishing nob

NB

AP World UNIT 1 REVIEW (Everything you NEED to KNOW!)

Main Ideas

Introduction

  • The speaker is Steve Heimler, guiding stressed AP World History students for their unit one exam.

  • The time period for unit 1 is circa 1200 to 1450, focusing on major civilizations and their states.

Chinese Song Dynasty

  • The Song Dynasty (960-1279) emphasized Confucianism to maintain and justify their rule.

    • Neo-Confucianism was a revival with changes, emphasizing hierarchy and filial piety.

    • Women faced legal rights restrictions and social limitations, like foot binding.

  • Expansion of the imperial bureaucracy helped maintain rule through merit-based bureaucratic jobs.

    • Civil service exams were based on Confucian classes, open theoretically to all men.

Influence on Neighboring Regions

  • Chinese traditions influenced neighboring regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

  • These regions adopted similar state-building tactics and bureaucratic systems.

Role of Buddhism in Song China

  • Buddhism spread to China before the Song Dynasty, with teachings like the Four Noble Truths.

  • Buddhism evolved in different regions, with Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Mahayana Buddhism in East Asia.

  • Mahayana Buddhism encouraged broader participation and help from Bodhisattvas.

Economy in Song China

  • The economy in Song China is a final consideration for state building efforts.

Resource Mentioned

  • The speaker mentions a larger resource, the AP World History Heimler Review Guide, for additional help in studying for the course and exam.

Song Dynasty Economic Development

  • Prosperity Inheritance: Song rulers inherited prosperity and population growth from Tang and Sui Dynasties.

    • Population Growth: Population doubled between 8th and 10th centuries.

  • Commercialization: Manufacturers and artisans produced more goods than consumed, leading to trade across Eurasia.

    • Significant Goods: Traded goods included porcelain and silk.

  • Agricultural Innovations: Introduction of Champa rice led to increased food production and population growth.

    • Champa Rice Benefits: Early maturation, drought resistance, multiple harvests per year.

  • Transportation Innovations: Expansion of the Grand Canal facilitated trade and communication among regions.

Dar al Islam Developments

  • Islamic Faith: Dar al Islam referred to places where Islamic faith was dominant.

  • Religions Practiced: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were practiced in the heartland of the Muslim faith.

  • Abbasid Caliphate: Dominant before 1200, began to decline, replaced by Turkic Muslim empires.

  • Seljuk Empire: Established by Turkic Seljuks, played a significant role in the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.

  • Cultural and Scientific Innovations: Muslim scholars made advances in math, preserved Greek works, established House of Wisdom.

  • Expansion of Muslim Rule: Expanded through military conquest, merchant activities, and missionary work of Sufis.

South and Southeast Asia Belief Systems

  • Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam vied for dominance in South and Southeast Asia.

  • South Asia:

    • Buddhism Decline: Buddhists mainly in monastic communities in Nepal and Tibet.

    • Hinduism: Remained the most widespread religion in India.

Belief Systems and State Building

Bhakti Movement and Spread of Islam

  • Bhakti Movement in India

    • Innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism

    • Emphasized devotion to one Hindu god

    • Attracted ordinary believers tired of complex Hindu hierarchies

  • Spread of Islam

    • Delhi Sultanate established Islam as the religion of the elite in India

    • Islam spread to Southeast Asia alongside Buddhism

State Building in South Asia and Southeast Asia

  • South Asia

    • Muslim Delhi Sultanate struggled to impose total Muslim state on Hindu population

    • Rajput Kingdom resisted Muslim intrusion

    • Vijayanagara Empire emerged in the south as a counterpoint to Muslim rule

  • Southeast Asia

    • Majapahit Kingdom in Java controlled sea routes for trade

    • Khmer Empire in Cambodia showcased religious continuity and change through Angkor Wat

State Building in the Americas

  • Aztec Empire

    • Established through alliances with Mesoamerican states

    • Administered through tribute states and human sacrifice

  • Inca Empire

    • Intrusive bureaucracy to maintain power

    • Implemented the Mit'a system for labor contributions

  • Mississippian Culture

    • Focused on agriculture in the Mississippi River Valley

    • Organized around monumental mounds and large towns

State Building in Africa

  • Swahili Civilization

    • Cities organized around commerce on the East African coast

    • Influenced by Muslim traders leading to the emergence of Swahili language

    • Demonstrated intermingling of African Bantu and Arab cultures through language hybridization

Main Ideas

African Civilizations

  • Swahili States and West African Civilizations

    • Rapid Islamic influence in Swahili states due to Muslim influence.

    • West African civilizations like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empire grew through trade and adopted Islam.

    • Majority of the population in these empires retained indigenous beliefs.

  • Hausa Kingdoms

    • City-states in West Africa, similar to Swahili states.

    • Grew powerful through trade, particularly Trans-Saharan trade.

Great Zimbabwe and Ethiopia

  • Great Zimbabwe

    • Grew wealthy through trade, mainly gold exports.

    • Maintained indigenous religion, unlike Swahili and Hausa states.

  • Kingdom of Ethiopia

    • Flourished through trade, especially with Mediterranean and Arabian states.

    • Unique as a Christian state in a predominantly Islamic region.

European Belief Systems

  • Christianity in Europe

    • Two main branches: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.

    • Byzantine Empire represented Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

    • Roman Catholicism dominated Western Europe post-Roman Empire fall.

European Political Organization

  • Feudalism and Manorialism

    • Feudalism: Lords gaining allegiance from vassals in exchange for land and military service.

    • Manorialism: Peasants working on lord-owned land in exchange for protection.

    • European society and economics centered around feudal and manorial systems.

European States

  • Political Fragmentation

    • Europe decentralized politically, organized around feudalism.

    • Monarchs began to centralize power after 1000 CE, diminishing nob

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