CH

Unit 2: Cells and Cell Transport

  1. Microscopes

  1. What is the number one tool in cell biology microscopes

  2.  what did microscopes help in the development of the cell  Theory

  3.  what are the two different types of microscopes electron and Light

  4.  what are the characteristics of an electron microscope they use beams electrons and magnets they magnify up to 10 million x they're used for viewing dead cells and there's no color scene

  5. What are the characteristics of a light microscope  uses light and lenses magnified 1500x used for viewing  living cells and requires stain to see color

  6.  how do light microscopes work they shine a light from a source  they have a specimen Mountain on a slide and placed on the stage and objective lens near the stage magnifies the specimen adjustment knobs are used to focus the microscope and an ocular eyepiece lens magnifies it again

  7.  how do electron microscopes work they use electron beams to produce images and magnification and  resolution are much higher than a light microscope

II. Cell Theory 

  1.  what are the three laws of cell theory all organisms are made of one or more cells the cell is the basic unit of life and also come from pre-existing cells

III. Cell theory and the Microscope

  1.  who are the two people that contributed to the  invention of the microscope  Robert Hooke ( 1665)  and Antoine Vaughn lewinhook

  2.  with the Robert Hooke do Looked at a court and called little spaces he found sells

  3.  what the Antoine Von Lynn hook do Looked at pond water and identify cells

IV.  Cell Size

  1. what is cell size and shape limited by surface area to volume ratio

  2.  how do cells absorb nutrients through their membranes

  3.  what happens to the surface area of a cell as it gets bigger the surface area gets small

  4.  what does a cell’s membrane represent  the cell surface area (SA)

  5.  what within the cell represents the cell's volume the cell cytoplasm and all the organelles

  6.  how do you calculate the surface area for a cell using representative cubes SA=  length times width times number of sides

  7. How do you calculate the volume for a cell using representative cubes V=  length times width times height

  8. What does the surface area to volume ratio look like SA:V

  9.  what do cells require in order to absorb  enough nutrients to stay alive a high ratio of surface area to volume

V. Types of Cells

  1. What are the two types of cells  prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  2.  or the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell  they are bacteria unicellular they have no membrane bound organelles no nucleus circular DNA flagella turns like a boat propeller they may have a capsule ( extra protection from white blood cells)  they have Pili ( protein tubes that extend from the membrane  that enable attachment to things which helps exchange DNA  in the nucleoid region of the prokaryotic cell)  they have no inner membranes (ex.  no nucleus mitochondria Golgi Etc)  they do have ribosomes ( the ribosomes don't have any membranes  and are different from eukaryotic ribosomes) and they have circular DNA

  3.  What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell they are plant animal protists and fungal cells  they may be unicellular or multicellular they are membrane Brown organelles their DNA is located in the nucleus and they have linear DNA

  4. What is endosymbiosis a theory used to explain how eukaryotic cells could have evolved from prokaryotic  (bacteria) cells

  5. What does endo,  sym, and bio mean  inside together life

  6.  what is the endosymbiotic theory used as evidence

  7.  what were mitochondria and chloroplasts originally according to the end of somebody Theory  Free Living bacteria

  8.  why is this hypothesized  because mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA inside the organelle that reproduce the same as Extant (living)  bacteria by binary fission they have ribosomes  similar to extend bacteria and are about the same size as current bacteria

VI. The Cell Structure

  1.  or the characteristics of plant cells  they have a cell wall chloroplasts and a large water vacuole

  2.  where the characteristics of an animal cell  they don't have a cell wall they don't have chloroplasts they have small vacuoles and they may have cilia/flagella

  3.  what is a nucleus and what does it contain  it contains DNA with your instructions for making proteins it has a nuclear membrane ( or nuclear envelope)  made above a  phospholipid bilayer (with nuclear pores)  and inside of it is a nucleolus that makes ribosomes

  4.  what are ribosomes  things that turn amino acids into proteins 

  5. What are characteristics of ribosomes  they look like small dots and electron microscope they may be floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The amount of them within the cell depends on how  many proteins a cell needs they are also found in prokaryotes and they are not surrounded by a membrane 

  6. What is the Endomembrane system ( multiple organelles)  they're folded ( phospholipid bilayer)  membrane inside the cell  that divide the cell into compartments because they're specific parts of the cell that do different things

  7.   what are the only cells at the Endomembrane system are  found in  and why eukaryotic cells  because prokaryotic cells don't have organelles

  8.  what is the endoplasmic reticulum it is a membrane that twists and folds forming tubes and pockets that creates compartments for  various chemical reactions (i.e. dehydration synthesis)

  9.   what are the two types of ER  smooth ER and rough ER

  10.  What are the characteristics of smooth ER  they don't have ribosomes they make lipids (steroids)  they detoxify drugs and poisons (ex. alcohol) And there's a lot of smooth ER in the liver cells

  11.  what are the characteristics of rough ER they have ribosomes attached to it these ribosomes make proteins that enter the rough ER and are folded  before entering the Golgi for packaging and to leave the cell 

  12. What does the Golgi apparatus do send out proteins from the cell to other parts of the body (Ex.  pancreas secretes enzymes,  insulin and glucagon [Can raise blood sugar while insulin lowers blood sugar

  13. What do transport vesicles do move unfinished ER products to the golgi to be processed (refined)

  14.  what is the function of the Golgi apparatus packaging proteins for movement to other places

  15.  what are the  proteins in the Golgi apparatus package into phospholipid bubbles cause secretory vesicles

  16.  what are transport vesicles Membrane bound spheres that pinch off of ER

  17. What do lysosomes do digest old or broken cell organelles and pathogens like bacteria

  18. What are vacuoles and what do they do they are phospholipid membrane sex that are temporary storage in cells for food water and poisons

  19.  what are water vacuoles large Central vacuoles that store water and minerals,  and support the shape/ size of plant cells (they take up most  of the space in a plant cell)

  20. Which organelles convert energy chloroplasts

  21. What do chloroplasts contain  and what do they doa double membrane pigments for photosynthesis;  they use CO2 to make organic compounds ( mostly glucose)

  22. What does a cytoskeleton do  maintain the shape of the organelles hold and move organelles within the Cytoplasm and enables some cells to move

  23.  what are cilia short hair like microtubules ( proteins)  that work like oars  and move Fluids and other particles through the body (i.e. Human egg cell in the fallopian tube  or mucus in the lung)

  24.  what are flagella used for the movement of a cell

VII. Cell Movement

  1. What do most animal and plant cells have in common and why  they don't move (some animal cells move, but no plant cell moves)  they have a cell wall and those cilia or flagella

VIII. Cell Movement

  1. Where are cell walls found and what do they provide on plants and fungi only;  they provide protection shape strength ( so cells” stacked”  like boxes as a plant grows) and prevents herself from bursting if it gets too much water)

  2. Which type ofOrganism is the only one without a cell wall  animals

  3. What are plant fungus and bacterial cell walls made of (each are different)?  Cell (“fiber”)  chitin peptidoglycan

  4.  what does a cell membrane serve as  a protective barrier That regulates what enters and exits the cell ( called selectively permeable)

  5.  what is the cell membrane made of  phospholipids  and what does this cause ( the arrangement to put the heads and contact with the extra cellular fluid and cytoplasm that are both composed mostly of water)

  6. What are the different type of membrane proteins and what do they do  transfer proteins -  move substances across the membrane  recognition proteins -  identify the cell  receptor proteins -  are involved in cellular communication and transport

  7.  what does cholesterol (a lipid) do  helps to keep the membrane fluid like and flexible and it contributes to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes

IX.  types of transport

  1.  what is passive transport Moves molecules from places of high concentrations or places with low concentration

  2.  what is diffusion the movement of uncharged molecules

  3.  what is osmosis diffusion of water

  4.  what is facilitated diffusion the movement with the help of proteins but no energy 

  5.  does passive transport require ATP no

  6. What is active transport  the movement of molecules from places of  low concentration to high concentration

  7.  what is an example of active transport in the nervous system Na +/K - Pump

  8. What is exocytosis the removal of Large molecules

  9. What is endocytosis  large molecules moving into a cell

  10.  does active transport require ATP yes

X. Solution 

  1.  what is the solute The substance being dissolved 

  2. What is a solvent the substance doing the dissolving

  3.  what does water known as “ the universal solvent”

  4.  what are the different types of solutions  hypertonic Solutions -  have high amounts of solute compared to that in the cell  hyper -  have low amounts of solute compared to that in the cell  isotonic-  equal amounts of solute