APUSH Unit 2 Review Notes

Spain Colonization:

  • Goals: Extract wealth (cash crops/minerals).
  • Subjected Native population and wanted conversion.
  • Racial ancestry (Caste System).

French Colonization:

  • Goals: More interested in trade (fur).
  • Few French came to America.
  • First settlement: Quebec, mostly trading settlements.
  • Some married American Indian wives (kinship ties).
  • Fostered alliances with Ojibwe Indians.
  • Indians gave French beaver pelts for sale.
  • French introduced iron cookware/cloth.

Dutch Colonization:

  • Established fur trading center on Hudson River in 1609.
  • Goals mainly economic.
  • No interest in conversion.
  • 1624: New Amsterdam - hub of trade.

British Colonization:

  • Goals: Economy was bad (wars, inflation).
  • Lower and upper class wanted economic improvement + land.
  • Farming was disappearing (Enclosure Movement).
  • Many also wanted religious freedom/improve society.
  • Chesapeake Region: 1607-Jamestown. Founded by joint-stock company.
  • Profit-seeking venture.
  • Disease/famine during beginning.
  • 1612: John Rolf experimented with tobacco.
  • Indentured servants (paid passage in agreement to work).
  • Needed more land, Indians rebelled, farmers needed protection.
  • Bacon's Rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon.
  • Effects - planter elites worried over indentured servants.

New England Colonies:

  • 1620: settled by Pilgrims (migrated in family units).
  • Created family economies as farmers.
  • Agriculture and commerce society.

British West Indies:

  • 1620's: British established permanent colonies in the Caribbean - Barbados.
  • Warm climate, year-round growing (tobacco, sugarcane).
  • Laws over black people = result + demand.

Middle Colonies:

  • NY/NJ: Diverse population, cereal crops.
  • Growing inequality between classes (elite, lower).
  • Pennsylvania: William Penn (Quaker/pacifist).
  • Religious freedom for all was recognized.
  • Mainly negotiation with Indians.

Governance in Colonies:

  • Unusually democratic.
  • Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims signed (self-gov).
  • House of Burgesses: VA, rep assembly (levy taxes/pass laws).
  • Structures were dominated by elite classes.

Trade Systems:

  • Colonization New Atlantic economy.
  • Triangular Trade: Merchant ships followed a 3-part journey.
  • Middle Passage: Deadly enslaved cargo route.
  • Mercantilism: Thought there was only a fixed amount of wealth in the world (more exports than imports).
  • Navigation Acts: Required merchants to engage in trade only with English (benefit mother country).
  • Generated massive wealth for elites.

Slavery in British Colonies:

  • 1700-1803: 3 million enslaved came to Americas. Came through the Middle Passage/sold British West Indies.
  • Every British colony participated in the slave trade.
  • In Virginia -> strict slave codes introduced.
  • Defined as Chattel (property) Slavery.
  • Became a perpetual institution.

Black Rebellion:

  • Covert: Maintaining cultural customs/beliefs, broke tools, or faked illness.
  • Overt: Stono Rebellion South Carolina 1739. Slaves stole weapons, marched along the Stono River, burned plantations/killed white people.

Indian Resistance:

  • Pueblo Revolt (1680): Led Spanish to be more flexible with native culture.
  • Metacom's War (1675): British with Indians, Metacom - Chief of Wampanoag over British encroachment, British allied with Rownak. Effect: Not good relations.

Colonial Society:

  • Enlightenment: Rational thinking/reason over religion. Print culture spread ideas (John Locke/Kant/Rousseau).
  • Introduced "natural rights": People have inborn rights given by God + Gov.
  • Social Contract: Argued people in contract with government.
  • Attacked religious authority "New Light".
  • Great Awakening: Massive religious revival generated intense Christian enthusiasm.
  • Jonathan Edwards: Local preaching.
  • George Whitefield: Diverse audience.
  • Large-scale return to Christian faith, bounds together.
  • Gradual Anglicization becoming more English-like.

Political Communities:

  • Impressment: Seizing colonial men into military, malnutrition, disease, death.
  • 1747: Impressment for King George's War.