GE7 - Chapter 2
The Tennis Court Oath:: Enlightenment and start of French Revolution Pledge by Jacques Louis David, circa 1790-92)
Intellectual Revolution:: advancement in science & technology that changed people’s perceptions and beliefs
Renaissance and Reformation:: arose a new view of science, Began in Italy spread in Europe, Northern European Christian movement, Usefulness, value
Science:: leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought
Francis Bacon:: Promotion of scientific method by gathering and analyzing data
(James) Webb Space Telescope:: 14 billion years, by a Polish monk
Galileo Galilei - made a handheld telescope, spyglass, Catholic scientist, dots on the moon, spots on the sun
Big Bang Theory:: “nullius in verba” → “on the word of none”’
“nullius in verba”:: “on the word of none”
Newton’s 3 Law of Motion: Law 1: Bodies at rest, stay at rest, unless acted upon, Law 2: Force = mass x acceleration, Law 3: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Steven Shapin:: “scientific revolution was more of an evolution than an abrupt change”
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS 1650-1780:: ·Greek speculation about the “nature” in the period before Socrates (~600 to 400 BCE), “pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy” that deals with physics and logic, Period where paradigm shifts occurred, turning point in the intellectual history of the west
3 phrases in INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS:: “pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy
Scientific beliefs:: widely embraced and accepted by the people that were challenged and opposed
600-400 BCE:: period before Socrates
3 characteristic features of Intellectual Revolution/Speculation:: 1. The world is a natural whole, 2. There is natural order, 3. Humans can discover laws
The world is a natural whole:: supernatural forces don’t make things happen but it is entirely made up and controlled by natural processes
There is natural order:: means to act according to the law of nature
Natural Philosophy:: philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science (Cahan, 2003), birth stems back to the Ancient Greece where the ancient civilization began
precursor:: Natural Philosophy is the ______ of science
Produced three greatest thinkers:: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Presocratic philosophy:: philosophy before Socrates was born, Dates back to 6th to 5th BCE
Presocratics:: first Greek thinkers who introduced a new way of inquiring into the world and the place of human beings in it, Western civilization began, predecessors of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle among others
cosmological and physical speculations:: Presocratic philosophy is primarily concerned with ?
The Ionian Thinkers:: Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Anaximenes
Miletus:: Ionia, one of the 12 Ionian city states
Miletus is located:: Western Coast of Modern Turkey in the Peninsula of Anatolia
Question by Ionian Thinkers:: “What is the common stuff from which everything is composed?”
Thales of Miletus (c. 625-545 BCE):: water is the basic stuff of all things, he was farmed for his expertise in astronomy (predict solar eclipses) and geometry (height of pyramids by length of shadows), whether he wrote anything is unknown. If he did, no genuine fragment of it has survived
Anaximander (c. 610-545 BCE):: student of Thales, introduced the apeiron (the boundless) as the beginning of everything, first Greek who produced a written account of the natural world,
Anaximander:: famed as an astronomer, made clocks, and was the first person who drew a map of the earth
Anaximenes (c. 585-525 BCE):: student of Anaximander, believed that condensed and expanded air is the source of everything, first to suggest that reality could be measured, adapted the compression and expansion view of elements
astronomy:: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION began in ?
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:: drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries
16th and 17th centuries:: when did the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION took place
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:: A new view of nature emerged during the Scientific Revolution, replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years, Centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy
· Emphasized the importance of the scientific method.
Age of Enlightenment:: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION laid foundations for _____?
modern science:: Emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in various disciplines transformed societal views about nature
Science:: autonomous discipline (independent, free, self-directing), Distinct from both philosophy & philosophy from having utilitarian goals
Geocentric Model (Geocentrism):: First long-standing belief, also known as the Ptolemaic system, Important feature – “earth was at the center”
Claudius Ptolemaeus:: egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer) about AD 150, Used to prepare astronomical and astrological charts for over 1500 years, Model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilization
Almagest:: the only surviving ancient text in astronomy, described his model of the universe, contains Ptolemy’s astronomical works
Universe:: set of nested spheres surrounding the earth
2 sets in circles:: deferent and epicycle
Deferent:: planet orbits around the sun in a bigger circle
Epicycle:: rotates on its own
Retrograde Motion:: Apparent backward motion of a planet caused by its being lapped by another planet, or vice-versa, Two objects orbiting in same direction at different speed, Only an illusion, counterclockwise, The planet does not necessarily mean that it changes its direction as it orbits
eastward:: Both planets move in a direct (_________) motion around the sun. but one planet moves faster than the other; when the faster planet passes the slower-moving planet, it sees the other one as moving backwards from a planet’s perspective
Heliocentric Model (Heliocentrism):: Earth and the other planets orbit the sun
Nicolaus Copernicus:: “Renaissance Man”, First to propound heliocentric theory that is equal in scope and predictive, Theory published on 1543, possessed qualitative simplicity Ptolemaic astonomy lacked, Motivated to satisfy Plato’s dictum, Overthrow traditional astronomy because of alleged violation of Principle of Uniform Circular Motion & Lack of Unity and Harmony, Putting the sun at the center & setting Earth into Motion around it
EARTH:: a planet, moved across the heavens as one of the planets
SUN:: center of universe according to Copernicus
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres):: Nicolaus Copernicus’ work
Copernican Revolution:: Revolution that started during 1473-1543
The Birth of Modern Astronomy:: Proposed a model of solar system with sun at the center followed by Mercury Venus, Earth, Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the outer realm (stars)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601):: Danish Astronomer, Replaced Ptolemaic & Copernican systems with a new “geo-heliocentric model”1572, supernova-exploding stars, First to teach Denmark about heliocentric model, Designed and built instruments to measure the locations of the heavenly bodies
Mars’ observations:: Brahe’s observations that were far more precise than any made previously
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, Mathematics teacher, Assistant to Brahe → data given, Aligned with Copernicus Model,
elliptical, spherical:: Planets moved in _ oval paths instead of _ shapes
Astronomia Nova (1609):: Explained new model of the universe by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Three laws of planetary motion:: 1. Orbits of the planets are elliptical 2. Planets revolve around the sun at varying speed 3. There is a direct proportional relationship between a planet’s orbital period and its distance to the sun
16th century:: started to revolutionize, rejected Aristotelian idea of elements, favors heliocentric world in inductive reasoning (specific to general), rejected the Aristotelian idea of elements and humors in favor of a heliocentric
17th century:: Newton, matter in Motion, Math
18th century:: the Enlightenment flourished, scientific authority began to displace religious authority, and disciplines until then seen as legitimately scientific (e.g., alchemy and astrology) lost scientific credibility
20th century:: 1995, Einstein, relativity, Universe was static
Andreas Vesalius:: 1543, Publishes On The Fabric Of The Human Body, first great modern work of science and the foundation of modern biology, structure of the human body
Nicolas Copernicus:: 1543, Publishes De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On The Revolutions Of Celestial Bodies) Copernicus' masterwork; he sets out the heliocentric theory
Giordano Bruno:: 1584, Publishes The Ash-Wednesday Supper, On Cause, Principle, And Unity, And On The Infinite Universe And Its Worlds, renegade Italian monk unfolds his philosophy, the centerpiece of which is the contention that the universe is infinitely large and that the Earth is by no means at the center of it. For the expression of his thoughts, burned at the stake as a heretic
Francois Viete:: 1591, Invents Analytical Trigonometry, essential to the study of physics and astronomy
Galileo Galilei:: 1591, Demonstrates The Properties Of Gravity, from the top of the leaning tower of Pisa, that a one- pound weight and a one hundred-pound weight, dropped at the same moment, hit the ground at the same moment, refuting the Aristotelian system that the rate of fall of an object is dependent upon its weight. He expounds fully on this demonstration years later in his 1638 Discourse on Two New Sciences
Galileo:: 1610, Publishes Messenger Of The Heavens 24-page booklet describes his telescopic observations of the moon's surface, and Jupiter's moons, making the Church uneasy. The Inquisition soon warns Galileo to d^^e^^sist from spreading his theories
John Napier:: 1614, Publishes Description Of The Marvelous Canon Of Logarithms, invention and cataloguing of logarithms is an essential step in easing the task of numerical calculation
Johannes Kepler:: 1618, Reveals His Third And Final Law Of Planetary Motion describe the form and operation of planetary orbits, and are the final step leading to the academic rejection of the Aristotelian system
Francis Bacon:: 1620, Publishes Novum Organum, attempts to create organization and cooperation within the scientific community by demonstrating how the diverse fields of science relate to one another.
Galileo:: 1630, Publishes Dialogue On The Two Chief Systems Of The World, his magnum opus uses the laws of physics to refute the Aristotelian contention that the Earth is the center of the solar system and supports the heliocentric Copernican view. He presents the doctrine of uniformity, which claims that the laws of terrestrial physics are no different than the laws of celestial physics
Galileo:: 1633, Forced To Recant His Theories The Inquisition forces Galileo to sign a recantation and condemns him to house arrest for the remaining nine years of his life. His Dialogue is ordered burned as heretical, and his sentence to be read at every university
Rene Descartes:: 1637, Publishes His Discourse On Method, sets forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method
Rene Descartes:: 1637, Publishes Geometry, discusses how motion may be represented as a curve along a graph, defined by its relation to planes of reference
Evangelista Torricelli:: 1643, Invents The Barometer measures air pressure, demonstrating that air does indeed have weight, and that the pressure caused by that weight differs in different situations.
Otto Von Guericke:: 1656, Invents The Air Pump demonstrates the properties of a vacuum by using his air pump to take the air from within his famous "Magdeberg hemispheres," which, though easily separated in normal conditions, could not be parted by two teams of sixteen horses once he had removed the air.
King Charles II:: 1662, he organized the The Royal Society Of London, The Royal Society brings together the greatest minds of the region in efforts to advance science through cooperation. Similar societies subsequently spring up throughout Europe, creating an intellectual network, which produces many of the scientific advances of the later seventeenth century
Robert Boyle:: 1666, Publishes Origin Of Form And Qualities, his work, though highly flawed, sets the stage for the study of matter on the atomic level.
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli:: 1680, Publishes On The Motion Of Animals, his work is the greatest early triumph of the application of mechanical laws to the human organism
Isaac Newton:: 1687, Publishes Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica Perhaps the most important event in the history of science, the Principia lays out Newton's comprehensive model of the universe as organized according to the law of universal gravitation. The Principia represents the integration of the works of all of the great astronomers who preceded Newton, and remains the basis of modern physics and astronomy.
The Salem Witch Trials:: 1692, took place in Massachusetts Indicative of the maintenance of traditional superstitions even late in the seventeenth century, 200 people are tried for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. Over 7,000 women were executed for witchcraft in Europe between 1550 and 1700, largely in association with the various theological battles of the Reformation.