AP world
4.1
● Astronomical chart- They were charts that told the movement of the stars and celestial patterns around the one who had it and was using it.
● Carrack- The Carrack was a ship invented by the Portuguese around the 14th to the 15th centuries used mainly for trade.
● Caraval- The Caravel was a medium sized ship that was originally made for exploration, invented by the Portuguese around 1450.
● Astrolabe- The Astrolabe allowed shipmen to sail at night time using the stars for direction by turning the dials and replacing sheets that point to the stars; it also allowed them to tell what time of day or night it was.
● Cartography- The practice of making and studying maps.
● Christopher Colombus-
● Fluyt- lightly built Dutch cargo ship invented in 1903 allowing for quick travels and good for carrying bulk goods.
● Maritime empires- driven by political, religious, and economic rivalries europeans discovered many such as the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and French
● Prince Henry- expanded the wealth and territory of Portugal as well as spreading christianity.
● Prevailing winds- winds that blow constantly,over a reign of the earth.
● Vasco de Gama- First Portuguese nobleman to reach India by sea.
4.2
● Alfonso de Albuquerque- first duke of Goa and built a reputation of being a fierce war leader and warrior.
● Bartholomew Dias- first European navigator to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
● Christopher Colombus- Originally Spanish but sailed for the Portuguese queen and king and founded the Americas.
● Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese crew ship leader to find spice islands but also first to circumnavigate the world while traveling westward.
● Fransisco Pizzaro- Spanish conquistador whose actions led to the conquest of the Incan empire.
● Galleons- The Galleon was a cargo ship with large square like sails invented by the Portuguese around the early 16th century.
● Henry Hudson- english sea navigator well known for his explorations around present day Canada.
● Henran Cortes- he led the conquest of Mexico on behalf of Spain.
● Jacques Cartier- French maritime explorer for France also first to describe maps of the gulf and st. Lawrence river.
● Jamestown- English settlement within North America near Chesapeake Bay by Virginia company settlers.
● John Cabot- Italian explorer that founded the Newfoundlands as well as aided in the transatlantic trade between the Americas and England.
● Manila- The capital of the spanish Philippines.
● Mercantilism- economy made to max out exports but minimalize imports.
● New Amsterdam- Dutch settlement on the tip of Manhattan island
● New France- New territory colonized by the French in the Americas because of Cartier's knowledge and discovery of the gulf and St. Lawrence river.
● Northwest passage- sea lane between atlantic and pacific oceans by the arctic ocean along the northern coast of north america.
● Quebec- fought for independence against Canada to be more french like.
● Sameul de Champlain- was a french diplomat, cartographer, navigator and more of the new France.
● Trading post empire- maritime empires but established for commercial purpose only.
● Treaty of Tordesillas- this is what kept peace when Spain and portugal broke apart and separated America.
● Zheng He- made voyages for Ming to show dominance and power and was also leader of the great Armada.
4.3
● African diaspora- voluntary and involuntary movements of Africans throughout the world of different cultures etc.
● Bartolomé de las Casas- was a spanish clergyman but became a dominican friar.
● Cash Crops- Crops that grow quickly seasonally are usually beneficial to the farmers as well as the population.
● Cacao- the beans that come from trees to make coffee or chocolates.
● Columbian Exchange- exchange of diseases, ideas, and food between the new world and the old world.
● Conquistadors- spanish conquerors
● Engenhos- Portuguese sugarcane plantations worked by Africans from Trans Atlantic Slave Trade also known as “engines” in english.
● Florentine Codex- manuscript of the earliest spanish dominance in the new world.
● Maize- corn introduced via columbian exchange.
● Quinine- a large complex molecule found in cinchona bark.
● Smallpox- a disease that the Europeans brought over to the new world, killing many indigenous people.
● Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade- trade routhe that transported millions of Africans to the new world across the Atlantic ocean.
4.4
● Asante Empire- established in 1670 with the capital located in Kumasi.
● Atahualpa- last reigning Incan leader of the Inca empire until 1532 the spanish captured and executed him
● Atlantic System- movement of goods, cultures, and slaves, mixing American, African , and European cultures.
● Chattel slavery- the slave is legally rendered as the owner's property.
● Encomienda- a formal sense of labor but rewarded the conquerors with the labor of non christian people.
● Hacienda- a large spanish estate
● Hispaniola- an island in the Caribbean sea which Columbus landed on originally.
● Indentured servitude- a form of labor of which someone is under contract to work for money until they have repaid the person they owe.
● Kingdom of Kongo- centralized state along the west coast of central Africa.
● Mexico City- The capital of new Spain in the new world.
● Middle Passage- the passage Africans had to go through to get to the americas usually dying.
● Mit'a- a form of tribute to the Inca government by labor or mandatory service.
● New Spain- Spanish settlement within the new world.
● Sakoku & Rangaku- Rangaku- Japanese scholars sent to learn about western culture and dutch language Sakoku- regulations placed to commerce and foreign relations by shogunate or han.
● Viceroy- high ranking officials who acted like representatives of the monarchs.
4.5
● Candomble- African religion that combines with Catholicism and South American religions.
● Capital- highest area of the state well populated and represented.
● Commercial revolution- 16th century European economic development.
● Creoles- individuals born in colonies of spanish descent.
● Dahomey- wealthy African kingdom that benefitted from selling slaves.
● Dutch East India Co. (VOC)- revolutionized global trade patterns by establishing monopoly over spice routes, controlling trade in east indies
● East India Co. (EIC)- an english chartered company made to trade with east and southeast asia and india.
● Limited liability- where owners of a business have the liability for any wrongs or debt or mistakes.
● Monopoly- single seller dominates allowing the seller to set whatever price without any competition.
● Oyo- politically important west african state.
● Polygyny- the taking of many wives.
● Price revolution- the rapid inflation and decline of value in European money in the 15th-17th century.
● Santeria- emerged in columbia where african sought to practice their own religious ways instead of the colonial ways.
● Syncretism- the blending of different cultures or ideas throughout the world.
● Triangular trade- system of trans atlantic trade throughout the 16th century involving europe, africa, and the americas.
● Virgin de Guadalupe- Mexican symbol of Mary representing her as the patroness of america.
● Vodun- a religious practice and spiritual originating from west africa and developed in the americas particularly in Haiti during the transatlantic trade.
4.6
● Ana Nzina (1626)- fled with her people away from their rising enemy portugal.
● Cossacks- Russian military warriors who were specially trained.
● Fronde (1648, 1653)- civil wars within France due to the franco- spanish war.
● Maratha Resistance (1680)- fear of the minority taking rule led to the Marathas resistance until they killed Mughal leader, Aurangzeb.
● Marathas- members of a powerful and influential military group that emerged in India known for their resistance against Mughal rule.
● Maroon- enslaved Africans that escaped the plantation and established communities within the americas.
● Metacom’s war (1675)- native americans last try of avoiding forced culture by the english settlements
● Mdongo & Matamba- African kingdoms joined together by queen nzinga in 1631.
● Pueblo Revolts (1680)- a revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and politics imposed upon Pueblos.
● Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773)- when Pugachev released the serfs of their lands and freedom of the lords.
● Queen Nanny (1728)- an outstanding military warrior and leader to the maroons, a hero to the maroons.
● Sakoku (1633)- enacted by shogun to where Japanese couldnt leave or come in without approval from authorities.
● Stono Rebellion (1739)- enslaved rebellion within south carolina where enslaved africans revolted against masters wanting freedom.
4.7
● Akbar the Great- known for his religious tolerance within the Mughal empire while under his rule.
● Ashkenazi Jew- Jewish people who have connections to the French or any version of european.
● Bannerman- military servants among the Qing empire.
● Boyars- Russia’s class of nobles.
● Castas- system of one's social status, taxation level, and legal rights.-
● Ferdinand of Aragon- catholic king of Aragon during 1479-1516.
● Gentry- social class of landowners in Europe below nobles but above commoners.
● Harmen-
● Isabella of Castille- Spanish queen of castille between the time 1474-1504.
● Ivan IV- Ivan the terrible of the Russias he was a terrible tsar who killed many between the times 1533-1547.
● Janissaries- Ottoman warriors made out of christian boys who were drafted and trained.
● Kangxi- longest reigning emperor in 61 years he was very beneficial to the Qing.
●Li Chengdong- made 3 different massacres in the city of Jaiding in one month.
● Liu Liangzuo- masqueraded in the city aiding the whole population.
● Louis IV- the sun king and one of the best Francia kings.
● Manchu- a dynasty who did not like the Mongols but liked the Chinese so came to the renaming of Qing.
● Mehmed II- fiercest leader of the Ottomans he took over Constantinople with cannons taking it as his own and renamed it istanbul.
● Mestizos- a person of mixed ancestry.
● Mulattos- racial classification that only refers to african and european ancestry only.
● Peninsulares- spanish living in spanish colonies that were actually born in spain.
● Qing Dynasty- from the Manchu but stronger practiced some confucius teachings.
● Qizilbash- turkish member who supports and fights for the safavids.
● Queues (hairstyle)- Chinese mens hairstyle specifically in a long braid called a queue.
● Roxelana- the first wife of a sultan (Sultan Suleiman “The Magnificent”)
● Sephardic Jew- jews who were forced to convert to catholicism due to spain.
● Serf- a person of labor who was tied to a land, taking care of it almost like a slave in a way.
● Timar- a land grant by the sultans of the Ottoman empire with annual tax revenue.
● Zambos- people mixed of european and native American descent.
● Zamindars- powerful landowners who collected taxes from peasants and gave them to the Mughal empire.