Lower GI systems

Lower GI Disorders

Diarrhea & Constipation

  • Initial discussion of two common lower GI disorders.

Appendicitis

  • Definition: Inflammation of the appendix.

  • Etiology:

    • Blockage (hardened stool, foreign body, infection).

    • Infection (bacteria multiply, causing inflammation).

  • Symptoms:

    • Abdominal pain (starts at belly button, moves to lower right).

    • Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, constipation/diarrhea.

  • Diagnostics:

    • Physical exam, blood tests, imaging (ultrasound, CT scan).

  • Complications:

    • Peritonitis, perforation/sepsis.

  • Treatment:

    • Surgery (appendectomy), antibiotics, IV fluids, pain management.

Bowel Obstruction

  • Definition: Blockage preventing food and fluid passage through intestines.

  • Classification:

    • Mechanical (physical blockage) vs. Nonmechanical (motility issues).

  • Causes:

    • Adhesions, hernias, tumors, intussusception.

  • Symptoms:

    • Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, constipation/inability to pass gas, distension.

  • Diagnostics:

    • X-rays, CT scan, ultrasound, blood tests.

  • Management:

    • Treat underlying causes, NGT decompression, IV fluids, pain management, surgery as needed.

Bowel Resection Surgery

  • Definition: Removing part of the intestine.

  • Anastomosis: Reconnection of healthy ends after removal.

  • Ostomy: Creation of an opening (stoma) for waste elimination.

Hernias

  • Types: Umbilical, inguinal, femoral.

  • Characteristics: Protrusion through cavity wall; reducible, irreducible, or strangulated.

  • Symptoms: Pain, visible bulge, severe pain in strangulation.

  • Diagnosis: History, physical exam, imaging.

  • Treatment: Herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty for repair, urgent care for strangulated hernias.

Postoperative Care for Hernias

  • Monitor voiding, scrotal support, encourage deep breathing, avoid heavy lifting, educate on recovery.