Genetic Modification Notes

Genetic Modification Overview

• Methods: Primarily recombinant DNA technology and gene insertion.

• Key Mechanisms:

  • Recombinant DNA: Fusing DNA from different species to create new genetic combinations.

  • Gene Isolation: Achieved via restriction enzymes (cutting), reverse transcriptase (mRNA to DNA), or chemical synthesis from amino acids.

Producing Recombinant DNA

1. Isolation: Extract the target gene using specific enzymes.

2. Vector Insertion: Place the gene into a vector, typically a bacterial plasmid.

3. Ligation: Ensure compatible "sticky ends" using the same restriction enzyme; connect DNA fragments using DNA ligase.

4. Transformation: Transfer the recombinant plasmid into a host organism via methods such as microinjection or gene guns.

Transgenic Organisms

• Animals: Used in Pharming—the production of human proteins (like antithrombin III) in animal secretions such as milk.

• Plants: Engineered for sustainable production of therapeutic and industrial proteins.

Key Applications

• Human Insulin: Bacteria transformed with recombinant DNA produce insulin in large-scale fermentation tanks.

• Medicine: Gene therapy for inherited disorders and genetic screening for disease identification.

Ethics and Regulation

• Pros: Advances in medical research, increased crop yields, and breeding efficiency.

• Cons: Potential loss of genetic biodiversity, high R&D costs, and risks of novel diseases.

• Governance: In the UK, regulated by the Genetically Modified Organisms Regulations 2014 and overseen by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA).