Yr 9 Science Biology

NEURONS and RESPONDING TO STIMULI 

  • 1. Describe the five types of receptors, the role of receptors for each sense organ and what stimuli they detect. 

  • 2. Identify the parts of a typical neuron and describe their basic function: axon, dendrite, cell body, nucleus, myelin sheath, synaptic terminal/axon terminal (Ox 3.2).  

  • 3. Draw a labelled diagram of a typical neuron and explain the function of each part (different types of neurons NOT needed). 

  • 4. Identify the three types of neurons; sensory, motor and interneuron, and state their functions (Ox 3.2). 

  • 5. Describe how a neuron transmits information around the body (Ox 3.2). 

  • 6. Distinguish between a stimulus and a response and provide examples of each. 

  • 7. Explain why different parts of the skin are more or less sensitive to touch.  

 

NERVOUS SYSTEMS – CNS and PNS, STIMULUS-RESPONSE MODEL, REFLEX MODEL 

  • 8. Draw the stimulus response model - including stimulus, receptor, control centre/modulator, effector, and response. Describe the function of each component of this model. 

  • 9. Explain the stimulus-response model using examples. 

  • 10. Describe the role of neurons in the stimulus response model. 

  • 11. Explain a reflex action using examples (Ox 3.3). 

  • 12. Name the major parts of the Nervous System; central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS - somatic & autonomic), and briefly explain their functions (Ox 3.4). 

  • 13. List the lobes of the brain and state their main functions (Ox 3.4). 

  • 14. Describe a problem with the nervous system using an example (Ox 3.5). 

 

HOMEOSTASIS, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 

  • 15. Define the terms; endocrine system, hormone, secreting cell and target cell (Ox 3.6) and describe an example of each. 

  • 16. Describe the role of the endocrine system in the "Fight or Flight" stress response (Ox 3.6). 

  • 17. Describe how hormones and negative feedback to the different body systems maintains homeostasis, using glucose as an example (Ox 3.7). 

 

BLOOD SUGAR REGULATION 

  • 18. Explain that glucose is the primary energy source for cells and explain its importance in cellular respiration. 

  • 19. Describe how the pancreas detects changes in blood sugar levels using specialized cells. 

  • 20. Explain how insulin lowers blood sugar levels and glucagon raises them to maintain balance (homeostasis). 

  • 21. Illustrate how negative feedback systems regulate blood sugar levels in the body. 

  • 22. Describe the liver’s role in storing glucose as glycogen and releasing it when needed. 

  • 23. State the symptoms and consequences of high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), and link these to conditions like diabetes. 

 

IMMUNE SYSTEM 

  • 24. Define the terms; pathogen and disease (Ox 3.9). 

  • 25. Describe the role of the immune system (Ox 3.10). 

  • 26. Describe each of the three lines of defence of the immune system (Ox 3.10). 

  • 27. Define natural and acquired immunity (Ox 3.10). 

  • 28. Explain how vaccination can provide immunity to a disease (Ox 3.10). 

  • 29. Describe how allergies can stimulate an immune response (Ox 3.11). 

  • 30. Compare and contrast two autoimmune diseases – rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes (Ox 3.11). 

  • 31. Describe why COVID19 is classified as a pandemic and explain how this is different to epidemic diseases (how have ideas about disease transmission have changed from medieval time to the present as knowledge has developed). 

  • 32. Describe how COVID19 is transmitted (droplets and fomites) and explain how the use of face masks, hand sanitiser and social distancing reduce the spread of this disease.