Comprehensive Health Science Theory Final Exam Study Guide

Emergency Medicine and First Aid

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Ratios:

  • For a single rescuer performing adult CPR, the compression to ventilation ratio is $30:2$.

  • For two-person CPR performed on infants and children, the compression to ventilation ratio is $15:2$.

• Purpose of CPR: The primary objective is to maintain the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and other vital organs.

• AED: Stands for Automated External Fibulator.

• Age Classifications in CPR and First Aid:

  • Infant: Defined as the period from birth to $1\,year$.

  • Child: Defined as the period from $1\,year$ to puberty.

  • Adult: Defined as the period from puberty and above.

• Shock: A condition defined as an inadequate blood supply to the body's organs.

• Epilepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent episodes.

• Emergency Procedures for Choking:

  • Infant: Administer $5$ back blows followed by $5$ chest thrusts.

  • Adult: Hand placement involves making a fist and placing it above the umbilical abdominal thrust (the belly button).

• Ingestion Poisoning: The primary goal of first aid for a victim is to prevent the absorption of the poison.

• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Injuries to the brain caused by blows to the head and skull.

• Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): Commonly known as a stroke, this occurs when there is bleeding in the brain.

• Minor Wound Care: Minor wounds should be washed out using soap and water.

Pharmacology and Medical Mathematics

• Drug Formulations and Definitions:

  • Tablet: Drug powders that have been compressed into small, circular disks.

  • Suspension: A formulation where the drug is not dissolved, but tiny particles of the drug are suspended in a liquid.

  • Elixir: Solutions diluted in a mixture of sweetener, alcohol, and water; these contain only $10\%\text{--}20\%$ of the drug.

  • Liniment: A mixture of drugs with water, alcohol, soap, and oils intended for external use on the skin.

• Regulatory Bodies: The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is responsible for approving and monitoring drugs, as well as controlling the quality of production.

• Trade Name: The brand name assigned by the manufacturer, protected by copyright.

• Prescription Abbreviation: The standard abbreviation is Rx.

• Routes of Administration:

  • Intramuscular: The drug is injected deep into the muscles.

  • Ophthalmic: The drug is administered directly to the eye.

  • Sublingual: The drug is placed under the tongue for absorption.

• Roman Numerals:

  • $\text{I} = 1$

  • $\text{V} = 5$

  • $\text{X} = 10$

  • $\text{L} = 50$

  • $\text{C} = 100$

  • $\text{D} = 500$

  • $\text{M} = 1000$

• Mathematical Conversions:

  • Military Time to Standard Time: $1900 = 7:00\,pm$; $1630 = 4:30\,pm$.

  • Roman Numerals to Arabic Numerals: $\text{CCXXVII} = 227$; $\text{MMCDXV} = 2415$.

  • Weight (Pounds to Kilograms): $145\,lbs = 65.91\,kg$; $238\,lbs = 108.18\,kg$.

  • Volume Measurements: $3\,tsp = 1\,TBSP$; $4\,oz = 120\,cc$.

Dental Assisting

• Tooth Count and Types:

  • Permanent Teeth: There are a total of $32$ permanent teeth.

  • Primary Teeth: There are a total of $20$ primary teeth.

• Tooth Anatomy:

  • Enamel: The hardest tissue in the body; it covers the outside of the tooth crown.

  • Dentin: The main bulk of the tooth, located beneath the enamel and the cementum.

  • Pulp: The soft inner area of the tooth.

• Restorations:

  • Amalgam Restoration: A silver material used for filling teeth.

  • Composite Restoration: A filling material colored specifically to blend in with the natural tooth.

• Dental Charting and Symbols:

  • Tooth to be extracted: Represented by a single slash ($/$).

  • Tooth already extracted: Represented by a double slash ($//$).

  • Red Color: Indicates a carious lesion (treatment is needed).

  • Blue Color: Indicates that treatment has been completed.

• Developmental Milestones:

  • Teeth Buds: Approximately begin to erupt at $6\,months$ of age.

  • Primary Teeth: All primary teeth should have erupted by age $2\text{--}3\,years$.

  • Permanent Teeth: Most permanent teeth are in place by the age of $12\,years$.

• Tooth Surfaces:

  • Incisal: The cutting or biting edge of anterior teeth.

  • Labial: The crown surface located next to the lips.

  • Lingual: The crown surface located next to the tongue.

  • Buccal: The crown surface located next to the cheek.

  • Occlusal: The chewing and grinding surface of posterior teeth.

• Dental Equipment:

  • Dental Air Compressor: Provides the air pressure necessary to operate dental handpieces.

  • Dental Explorer: An instrument used to examine the teeth.

  • Mouth Mirror: A tool used to view specific areas within the mouth and teeth.

Physical Therapy (PT) Unit

• Professional Requirements: A healthcare professional must obtain consent prior to assisting any patient.

• Range of Motion (ROM):

  • General Definition: The measurement of movement around a specific joint or body part.

  • Passive Range of Motion: Measurement of the joint using an outside force while the patient remains completely still.

  • Goniometer: A specialized device used to measure ROM.

• Patient Positioning:

  • Supine: Lying flat on the back.

  • Prone: Lying on the belly.

• Assistive Devices:

  • Cane Placement: A cane should always be situated on the patient's strong side.

  • Forearm Crutches: Used when a patient has a chronic condition involving weakness or requires long-term assistance.

  • Fitting: When fitting assistive devices, there should be a $20\,degree$ bend at the elbow.

• Body Movements:

  • Flexion: Flexing a muscle; bending or decreasing a joint angle.

  • Extension: Extending a muscle; straightening or increasing a joint angle.

  • Abduction: Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

  • Adduction: Moving a body part toward the midline of the body.

• Professional Distinctions: A Physical Therapist (PT) works with patients to manage pain and improve function, while an Occupational Therapist (OT) helps patients maintain skills.

• Abnormal Gait: Conditions that cause abnormal gait patterns include Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy, and Multiple Sclerosis.

Diagnostic Imaging and Studies

• Computed Tomography (CT): Uses X-rays to show cross-sectional images of the body.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Utilizes powerful magnets and radiowaves to generate 3D images of the body.

• Ultrasound: A non-invasive device that employs high-frequency sound waves to create images.

• X-Ray: Specifically uses X-rays to create detailed images of particular body parts.

Medical Assisting and Clinical Procedures

• Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG): Records the activity of the heart and the electrical conduction pattern within the heart.

  • Leads: A lead reads the angles of electrical impulses from a central point.

  • Standard EKG: Typically consists of $10$ leads with $12$ readings.

• Clinical Death: The medical term for clinical death is Asystole.

• Physical Examination Techniques:

  • Palpation: Feeling parts of the body to determine if they are painful.

  • Auscultation: To listen to sounds coming from the body.

• Anthropometric Measurements: Taking height and weight is vital for determining medication dosages, performing tests, and assessing if a patient is over or under weight.

• Examination Instruments:

  • Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the eyes.

  • Otoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the ears.

• Vision Testing:

  • Jaeger System: Tests for close vision and nearsightedness.

  • Snellen Chart: Tests for distant vision and farsightedness.

  • Interpretation of $20/20$ Vision: This means a person can stand $20\,ft$ away from the chart and read a $20$ character.

  • Nearsightedness: Difficulty seeing far away; can see close up.

  • Farsightedness: Difficulty seeing close up; can see far away.

  • Ishihara Test: Measures monochromacy (color blindness).

• Surgical Instruments:

  • Volkman Retractors: Used to hold back down tissue.

  • Hemostats: Used to compress blood vessels to stop bleeding and to grasp tissue.

  • Surgical Scissors: Characterized by blunt ends with sharp points; used for cutting.

Global Health Organizations

• WHO (World Health Organization): An agency for the United Nations (US) responsible for international public health. It coordinates responses to global health issues, provides guidance, and sets standards.

• PAHO (Pan American Health Organization): An agency for the Americas dedicated to improving and protecting people's health.

• CDC (Center for Disease Control): The leading national public health institute in the United States; a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services.

• UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund): An agency of the United Nations (US) dedicated to protecting the rights and well-being of children.

Medical Terminology

• Aphasia: Without speech.

• Arthroscopy: Visual examination and treatment of the joints.

• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

• Cholelithiasis: Formation of gallstones.

• Chondromalacia: Softening of the cartilage in the joints.

• Diplopia: Double vision.

• Erythrocytopenia: Deficiency in red blood cells.

• Exogenous: External organs.

• Fibromyalgia: Chronic and widespread musculoskeletal pain.

• Galactorrhea: Flow of milk.

• Hematoma: A collection of blood or swelling.

• Hemiparesis: Partial paralysis of half the body.

• Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver.

• Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus.

• Idiopathic: A disease or condition that arises for an unknown reason.

• Ileostomy: An artificial opening in the abdominal wall through the ileum.

• Laparotomy: A surgical incision into the walls of the abdomen.

• Lipoma: A fatty tumor.

• Lithotripsy: A procedure using shock waves or lasers to break down stones.

• Narcolepsy: Uncontrollable sleepiness.

• Oncology: The study of tumors and cancer.

• Phlebotomy: Cutting into a vein.

• Prenatal: Before birth.

• Rhinorrhea: Runny nose.

• Sublingual: Under the tongue.

• Tachypnea: Fast breathing.