Earth and Life Science

Origin of Life Theories:

Special Creation

This theory says that all living organisms were created by God.

Panspermia

This theory states that the seeds of life exist all over the Universe and can be propagated through space from one location to another.

Spontaneous Origin

Life may have evolved from an inanimate/nonliving matter

Oparin-Haldane Theory

- Hypothesis proposed by Oparin and Haldane

- Miller-Urey tested this hypothesis

- life arose gradually from inorganic molecules with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first

Cyanobacteria

- created the atmosphere by making oxygen using photosynthesis

- are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis.

- uses anaerobic respiration

- found in the water

Photosynthesis

- produces oxygen and sugar

Biomolecules

- carbs, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids

- building blocks of a cell/living thing

- made out of amino acids

Eukaryotic cells

are complex, membrane-bound cells with a defined nucleus and specialized organelles, found in multicellular organisms.

Prokaryotic cells

are simple, single-celled organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus or specialized organelles, often found in bacteria and archaea.

Manifestation of Life

Gravitropism - gravity affects the plants

• • positive gravitropism

  • root growth going downwards

• • negative gravitropism

  • stems

Thigmotropism

• thigmo means touch

• detection of the stems to a certain object

• squash and grapes have vines, farmers put sticks around them so that when the vines detect the sticks, they will wrap around it

Nastic Movement

• is what happens when we touch makahiya plants

• not directly touching, but it is the movement going towards the plant

Bioenergetics - the branch of biochemistry that focuses on how cells transform energy

Photosynthesis

2 Major Methods Necessary for Organisms’ Survival

• Cell Respiration

  • converting food into energy

  • catabolism

• Photosynthesis

  • production of food

  • anabolism

Reactants

• found on the left side of the equation

• when 2 of these react together, they will form their products

Light Dependent Reactions:

Oxygen is the primary product of Light Dependent Reactions

Chloroplast - organelle (organs of the cell)

Photosynthesis

1. Photons are accepted by chlorophyll (gives pigment/color to the plant) aka. chloroplast

2. Photolysis - presence of protons, breaks down H2O into 3.

Water splits through photolysis which creates:

• Hydrogen Ions (H+)

• Electrons (e-)

• Oxygen (O2)

3. H+ & e- go through Calvin Cycle

   O2 → released to the atmosphere

   H+ → used to create ATPs through the process of ATP synthesis which will be used in the Calvin Cycle

   e- → Calvin Cycle transferred by NADPH → NADP+

   NADPH is an e- carrier (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) (nicotinamide = nicotine and amide)

All molecules will go through the Calvin Cycle except for the oxygen molecules.

ATP Synthesis - process of making ATP

If your NADPH contains electrons, NADP+ has no electrons. If it has an H it has electrons.

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

• energy currency used by plant parts to do their specific functions

Calvin Cycle/Dark Reaction:

1. Splitting of CO2 (carbone dioxide) to C (carbon) & O (oxygen)

2. Combination of C, H2, & O forms glucose

   Glucose = C6H12O6

3. The rest of the O & H2 makes water

ATP releases 1 phosphate group (P in ATP because it is a tri group, so 3 - 1 = 2 groups)

ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate (2 groups)

When NADPH loses electrons, it turns into NADP+

Glyco - sugar

Lysis - breaking down

Electron Carriers in Krebs:

1. NADH (w/e-) → NAD+ (w/o e-)

2. FADH2 (FADH → flavine adenine dinucleotide hydrogen, w/e-) → FAD+ (w/o e-)

Total number of ATPs: 36 to 38 ATPs

Glycolysis → happens in cytoplasm

• glucose breaks down to 2 pyruvic acid

• aerobic respiration = w/ oxygen

• anaerobic = w/o oxygen

Cytoplasm

• part of the cell

Krebs Cycle

• pyruvic acid is used to create:

  • CO2

  • H+

  • 2 ATPs

  • NADH

  • FADH2

ETC

• H+ are used to create ATPs

• No. of ATPs

  • 36-38 ATP

  • the number depends on the electron carriers

2 Types of Fermentation

1. Alcohol Fermentation

   • creates alcohol

   • comes from fruits

   • type of fermentation where carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

   • type of fermentation that are usually created from parts of the body like muscles