Notes on Psychological Disorders

Definition: Psychological disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Cultural/Societal Factors: Definitions of normalcy vary across cultures.
Biological Factors: Genetics and brain chemistry contribute to disorders (e.g., Hippocrates' theory involving humors).
Psychological Factors: Include stress, trauma, and learned behaviors.

DSM-5: A manual used to classify and diagnose psychological disorders.
- Contains diagnostic criteria and groups similar disorders for ease of location.
Example of Disorder: Schizophrenia - Requires two or more symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations) for diagnosis.

Anxiety Disorders: Include phobias and generalized anxiety disorder.
- Phobias: Persistent irrational fears that disrupt behavior.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic behaviors).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms include intrusive memories and social withdrawal post-trauma.
Dissociative Disorders: Disruptions in memory and identity, such as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).
Mood Disorders: Includes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
- Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms last for two weeks or more.
- Bipolar Disorder: Alternation between depressive lows and manic highs.

Symptoms: Cognitive dysfunction, delusions (e.g., persecution), hallucinations (often auditory).
Neurological Aspects: Abnormal brain activity and morphology are observed in patients.
Genetic Vulnerability: Higher risk among those with family history.

Types: Marked by rigid and unhealthy patterns of thinking and behavior.
- Borderline Personality Disorder: unstable relationships and self-image, impulsive behavior.
- Antisocial Personality Disorder: disregard for rights and feelings of others, no remorse.