4.8 comparison

Comparison of Approaches

## Development

* Psychodynamic → stages, childhood focus.

* Cognitive → schemas develop over time.

* Biological → genetics + maturation.

* Humanistic → lifelong growth, importance of relationships.

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## Nature vs Nurture

* Biological → nature (genes).

* Behaviourist → nurture (learning).

* Psychodynamic → both (instincts + experience).

* Humanistic → nurture + personal choice.

* Cognitive → interaction of both.

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## Reductionism vs Holism

* Biological → reductionist (genes, brain).

* Behaviourist → reductionist (stimulus-response).

* Cognitive → machine reductionism.

* Humanistic → holistic (whole person).

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## Determinism vs Free Will

* Biological → biological determinism.

* Behaviourist → environmental determinism.

* Psychodynamic → psychic determinism.

* Cognitive → soft determinism.

* Humanistic → free will.

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## Idiographic vs Nomothetic

* Idiographic (individual focus):

* Humanistic

* Psychodynamic

* Nomothetic (general laws):

* Behaviourist

* Biological

* Cognitive

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# Treatment of Psychological Disorders

* Behaviourist → conditioning (e.g. phobias).

* Psychodynamic → talking therapy.

* Cognitive → CBT.

* Biological → drug therapy.

* Humanistic → counselling (client-centred).

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# Eclectic Approach

* Combines multiple approaches.

* Example: CBT + medication.

Often *more effective** (e.g. schizophrenia).

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# Quick Summary

Humanistic psychology = *free will + personal growth**.

Key ideas: *self, congruence, self-actualisation**.

Strength: *holistic & positive**.

Weakness: *hard to test scientifically**.

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