GSTS MODULE 3 (prelims)

Spanish Period

  • The start of the modernization of science and technology.

  • Establishment of the Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pai de Filipinas (Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Philippines) founded by Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas

    • Modern research council

    • Cultivation of crops and silk industry

  • It Funded:

    • Experiments and inventions related to agriculture

    • Foreign & local Scholarships for Filipinos

    • Publication of scientific literatures

    • Trips of Filipino scientists from Spain to Philippines

  • Manila Observatory (1865)

    • Founded by the Jesuits – promoted meteorological studies

    • Typhoon and climatological observations

    • 1st public typhoon warning

    • Later became the central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau (1901) during the American Period

  • Formal education - colleges and universities

    • University of Santo Tomas (UST, 1611) - Miguel de Benavides

    • theology, philosophy, and humanities then followed by Medicine and pharmacy

    •  Dr. Leon Ma. Guererro - Father of Philippine Botany and Pharmacy

  • Galleon Trade - Spanish vessel called the

Manila Galleon – cotton fabric (India)

  • Suez Canal (1869)

– travel and trade

Illustrados – Filipinos who studied in Europe


American Period

  • Establishment of government research institutions.

  • Bureau of Government Laboratories was established on July 1,1901. Later became the Bureau of Science (1905).

    • Tropical diseases: leprosy, tuberculosis,cholera and malaria.

    • Economic value of tropical products

    • Nutritional value of foods

    • Philippine minerals.

    • Philippine Journal of Science(1906) - Reported local and abroad scientific developments

  • National Educational Institutions were established

    • University of the Philippines on June 18, 1908

    • Courses on agriculture, pharmacy, forestry, tropical medicine and public health


Japanese Period

  • Educational and scientific activities were put into a halt.

  • All educational and scientific buildings in Manila were burned to the ground.

  • The country’s resources were exploited for the war, leading to food shortages and poverty.


Post War

  • 1947

    • Philippine Bureau of Science - became the Institution of Science

    • Institute of Nutrition

    • Science foundation of the Philippines

  • Science Act of 1958

    • National Science DevelopmentBoard(NSDB)

      • policies for the development of science and technology

      • coordinated with different agencies


MEDICAL CARE AND HEALTH PRACTICES

  • Traditional Self Medication

    • Chinese oils or ointments

    • Folk healing techniques(Ventosa)

  • Loca Healers 

    • Herbs and roots

    • Faith healers, Folk healers, Mambunongs, Badeo

  • Food Preservation

    • Salt coupled with drying as preservatives

      • salted, smoked, or dried fish and meat products

      • Ex: hibe (shirmp), tinapa (anchioves), tuyo (smoked fish)

    • Fat as preservative

      • Dinuguan, igado, and adobo

    • Salt coupled with fermentation as preservative

      • process of salting to undergo partial fermentation or longer

  • Farm Practices

    • Swidden Farming (uma)

      • The oldest form of agroforestry practice in Ifugao

      • Apuyan (burning), Lotang (fencing), Mungabut (weeding)

    • Seed Preservation

      • placing unthreshed seeds above wood-burning stoves

      • hanging them in smoky areas of the kitchen

      • Rice - air-drying and mixing it with leaves of alagao, lagundi, or charcoal

      • Spraying with achuete and siling labuyo.

  • Energy Production

    • Charcoal Burning

      • Ham-ak method (Cebu) - wood is piled on a slope above ground and then covered with grass, weeds, banana leaves and alayer of soil before fire is put to it.

  • Arts and Crafts

    • Weaving

      •  one of the most precious living traditions that are kept until today.

      • Backstrap Loom - blankets, tapis

      • Basket - food storage, for carrying crops

    • Pina cloth -barong tagalog

      • Abaca Fiber - Sinamay fiber, Money (paper)

    • Jewelry making

      • Precious metal jewelry, Pearls, precious stones, and semi-precious stones

    • Wood Carving

      • Anitos, Santos, Statues of Christ and Blessed Mother

    • Tattoo (Batok)

      • Batok is an inscription of culture on the body that can focus on religion, politics, warfare and rituals.

    • Ibalio

      • mummifying their dead, using salt and herbs and set under fire, mummy is placed inside a pinewood coffin and laid to rest in a man-made cave

    • Burial

      • Sangadil