Oxygenation and perfusion 2024 (1)
Describe respiratory and cardiovascular anatomy and physiology.
Identify factors affecting respiratory and cardiovascular function.
Perform focused assessment of cardiopulmonary system.
Describe nursing diagnoses and strategies for promoting adequate oxygenation.
Developmental considerations affect infants, toddlers, and older adults.
Health conditions like kidney or heart disease can impact respiration.
Medications and lifestyle choices influence cardiopulmonary function.
Environmental factors and psychological health considerations play a role.
Includes evaluation of cough, sputum, pain, dyspnea, fever, and fatigue.
Assessment covers usual respiration patterns, medications, health history, lifestyle, and environment.
Involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
Assess level of consciousness, chest abnormalities, lung and heart sounds, and other physical signs.
Tests like arterial blood gas analysis, ECG, echocardiography, and radiography are used.
Other tests include cardiac catheterization, stress testing, Holter monitor, and pulmonary function studies.
Common diagnoses include ineffective airway clearance, impaired gas exchange, anxiety, and fatigue.
Examples of defining characteristics for each diagnosis are provided.
Goals include improved gas exchange and cardiopulmonary functioning.
Strategies aim to maintain optimal activity levels and preserve pulmonary function.
Recommendations include adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, and monitoring health indicators.
Promoting optimal function involves maintaining good nutrition, a pollution-free environment, and vaccinations.
Suggestions include having a pollution-free environment and getting vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal disease.
Encourages adequate intake of proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
Provides dietary recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Emphasizes oral hygiene, rest periods before meals, and meal timing after treatments.
Recommends maintaining adequate fluid intake and proper positioning for breathing.
Highlights the importance of humidified air in certain circumstances.
Deep breathing exercises
Patient inhales through the nose, counts to three, then exhales slowly against pursed lips.
Pursed-lip breathing
Inhale through the nose, exhale slowly against pursed lips while tightening abdominal muscles.
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Patient breathes in slowly through the nose, lets abdomen protrude, then exhales through pursed lips while contracting abdominal muscles.
Using incentive spirometry
Provides visual reinforcement for deep breathing.
Assists the patient to breathe slowly and deeply.
Control coughing
Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
Wash hands after coughing or sneezing.
Types of coughing
Voluntary and involuntary coughing.
Using cough medications like expectorants and cough suppressants.
Chest physiotherapy
Includes percussion, vibration, and postural drainage.
Helps loosen and mobilize secretions.
Suctioning the Airway
Indicated to maintain a patent airway and remove secretions or foreign material.
Meeting Oxygenation Needs
Using bronchodilators, mucolytic agents, and corticosteroids.
Different delivery systems like nebulizers and metered-dose inhalers.
Dry powder inhalers
Device delivering medication in dry powder form.
Providing Supplemental Oxygen
Can increase oxygen transported in the blood.
Administered through various delivery systems.
Positive Airway Pressure (PAP)
Uses air pressure to keep airways open.
Treats disorders like sleep apnea and heart failure.
Precautions for Oxygen Administration
Avoid open flames, smoking, synthetic fabrics, and oils.
Using artificial airways
Preserves a functioning airway in patients.
Includes oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, tracheostomies, or endotracheal tubes.
Managing Chest Tubes
Used for draining fluid, blood, or air in the pleural space.
Clearing an obstructed airway
Differentiates between partial and complete airway obstructions.
Recommends actions like the Heimlich maneuver for complete obstructions.
Administering Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CAB)
Involves chest compressions, airway management, breathing, and defibrillation.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Describe respiratory and cardiovascular anatomy and physiology.
Identify factors affecting respiratory and cardiovascular function.
Perform focused assessment of cardiopulmonary system.
Describe nursing diagnoses and strategies for promoting adequate oxygenation.
Developmental considerations affect infants, toddlers, and older adults.
Health conditions like kidney or heart disease can impact respiration.
Medications and lifestyle choices influence cardiopulmonary function.
Environmental factors and psychological health considerations play a role.
Includes evaluation of cough, sputum, pain, dyspnea, fever, and fatigue.
Assessment covers usual respiration patterns, medications, health history, lifestyle, and environment.
Involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
Assess level of consciousness, chest abnormalities, lung and heart sounds, and other physical signs.
Tests like arterial blood gas analysis, ECG, echocardiography, and radiography are used.
Other tests include cardiac catheterization, stress testing, Holter monitor, and pulmonary function studies.
Common diagnoses include ineffective airway clearance, impaired gas exchange, anxiety, and fatigue.
Examples of defining characteristics for each diagnosis are provided.
Goals include improved gas exchange and cardiopulmonary functioning.
Strategies aim to maintain optimal activity levels and preserve pulmonary function.
Recommendations include adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, and monitoring health indicators.
Promoting optimal function involves maintaining good nutrition, a pollution-free environment, and vaccinations.
Suggestions include having a pollution-free environment and getting vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal disease.
Encourages adequate intake of proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
Provides dietary recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Emphasizes oral hygiene, rest periods before meals, and meal timing after treatments.
Recommends maintaining adequate fluid intake and proper positioning for breathing.
Highlights the importance of humidified air in certain circumstances.
Deep breathing exercises
Patient inhales through the nose, counts to three, then exhales slowly against pursed lips.
Pursed-lip breathing
Inhale through the nose, exhale slowly against pursed lips while tightening abdominal muscles.
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Patient breathes in slowly through the nose, lets abdomen protrude, then exhales through pursed lips while contracting abdominal muscles.
Using incentive spirometry
Provides visual reinforcement for deep breathing.
Assists the patient to breathe slowly and deeply.
Control coughing
Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
Wash hands after coughing or sneezing.
Types of coughing
Voluntary and involuntary coughing.
Using cough medications like expectorants and cough suppressants.
Chest physiotherapy
Includes percussion, vibration, and postural drainage.
Helps loosen and mobilize secretions.
Suctioning the Airway
Indicated to maintain a patent airway and remove secretions or foreign material.
Meeting Oxygenation Needs
Using bronchodilators, mucolytic agents, and corticosteroids.
Different delivery systems like nebulizers and metered-dose inhalers.
Dry powder inhalers
Device delivering medication in dry powder form.
Providing Supplemental Oxygen
Can increase oxygen transported in the blood.
Administered through various delivery systems.
Positive Airway Pressure (PAP)
Uses air pressure to keep airways open.
Treats disorders like sleep apnea and heart failure.
Precautions for Oxygen Administration
Avoid open flames, smoking, synthetic fabrics, and oils.
Using artificial airways
Preserves a functioning airway in patients.
Includes oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, tracheostomies, or endotracheal tubes.
Managing Chest Tubes
Used for draining fluid, blood, or air in the pleural space.
Clearing an obstructed airway
Differentiates between partial and complete airway obstructions.
Recommends actions like the Heimlich maneuver for complete obstructions.
Administering Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CAB)
Involves chest compressions, airway management, breathing, and defibrillation.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
