A.P. United States History Comprehensive Exam Terms

Colonial Era ($17^{th}$ & $18^{th}$ C.) * Indigenous Civilizations: Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans. * Religious Missionary and Refugee Groups: Huguenots, Jesuits, and Franciscans. * Spanish Explorers and Conquistadors: Cortez and Pizarro. * The Columbian Exchange: * Items Brought to America: Wheat, rice, barley, horses, and various diseases. * Items Brought to Europe: Corn, potato, tomato, beans, peanut, and tobacco. * Early Virginia and the Southern Colonies: * Jamestown: Founded via Joint-Stock company; led by John Smith. * House of Burgesses: The first representative assembly in America. * Economy and Labor: Sot Weed (tobacco), Indentured Servitude, and the Headright System. * Native Interaction: The Powhatan Confederacy. * New England Settlements: * Plymouth Bay Company: Settled by Pilgrims; established the Mayflower Compact. * Massachusetts Bay Colony: Settled by Puritans/Congregationalists under John Winthrop, who envisioned a "City on a Hill." * The Great Migration: Massive movement of Puritans to New England. * Other Colonial Developments: * Maryland: A Proprietary Colony established by Lord Baltimore for Catholics; inclusion of the Maryland Toleration Act. * Connecticut and Rhode Island: Notable for the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and leaders like Anne Hutchinson (associated with the Covenant of Grace) and Roger Williams (who advocated for the Separation of Church & State). * New Amsterdam (NY): Originally established by the Dutch. * Pennsylvania: Established for Quakers. * Colonial Conflicts and Rebellion: * Wars: Pequot War and King Phillip’s War. * Internal Unrest: Bacon’s Rebellion ($1676$) and the Salem Witch Trials. * Slave Resistance: Stono Rebellion. * Religion and Intellectual Life: * Secularism and Decline: The Halfway Covenant. * $1^{st}$ Great Awakening: Highlighted by Jonathan Edwards' sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." * The Enlightenment: Proliferation of Deism and rational thought. # Pre-Revolutionary Era and Governance * Internal Conflicts and Trade: * Zenger Case: Pertaining to freedom of the press. * Leisler’s Rebellion: Conflict in New York. * Economic Policy: Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts. * Political Control: Dominion of New England and Salutary Neglect. * Early Colonial Cooperation: * Benjamin Franklin: Author of Poor Richard’s Almanac. * Civil Unrest: Boston Impressment Riots of $1747$. * Albany Congress: Introduction of the Albany Plan of Union. * The French & Indian War ($1754-1763$): * Resolution: Treaty of Paris $1763$. * Post-War Conflicts: Pontiac’s Rebellion ($1763$) and the Proclamation of $1763$. * The Road to Revolution: * Legislative Acts: Sugar & Currency Acts, Quartering Acts, and the Stamp Act (leading to the Stamp Act Congress). * Resistance Groups: Sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence. * Notable Leaders: Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. * Founding Literature: John Dickinson’s "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer." * Western Frontier Unrest: March of the Paxton Boys and the Regulator Movement. * Escalation Toward War: * Acts: Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts, and the Tea Act. * Incidents: Boston Massacre, Gaspee Incident, and the Boston Tea Party. * Final Breaking Point: Intolerable (Coercive) Acts. * Continental Congresses: * $1^{st}$ Continental Congress: Produced the Declaration of Rights & Resolves. * $2^{nd}$ Continental Congress: Issued the Olive Branch Petition. # The Revolutionary Era and New Government * The War for Independence: * Key Battles: Lexington, Saratoga (the turning point), and Yorktown (the final victory). * Leadership: General George Washington at Valley Forge. * Diplomacy: The Franco-American Alliance. * Founding Documents and Ideology: * Thomas Paine: Author of "Common Sense." * Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence. * Factions: Loyalists (Tories) vs. Patriots. * Women's Role: Daughters of Liberty. * Resolution: Treaty of Paris $1783$. * The Articles of Confederation: * Visual Aid: Federal Pillars Cartoon (manual reference required). * Land Policy: Land Ordinance of $1785$ and the Northwest Ordinance of $1787$. * Instability: Shay’s Rebellion. * The Constitutional Convention ($1787$): * Guiding Principle: Republicanism. * Debated Plans: Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan. * Compromises: The Great Compromise and the $\frac{3}{5}$ Compromise. * Slavery Clauses: Fugitive Slave Clause. * Principles of Governance: Separation of Powers, Checks & Balances, and the distinction between Enumerated & Implied Powers. * Advocacy: Federalist Papers ($10$ & $51$) by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. * Parties: Federalists v. Anti-Federalists. * The Early Republic (Washington Administration): * Establishment: Judiciary Act of $1789$ and the first Bank of the United States. * Hamiltonian Finance: Report on Public Credit. * Civil Rights: The Bill of Rights. * Foreign and Internal Affairs: Citizen Genet and Democratic-Republican Societies, French Revolution, Neutrality Proclamation, Jay’s Treaty, Whiskey Rebellion, and Pinckney’s Treaty. # The Federalist Era and Early $19^{th}$ Century * The Adams Administration: * Farewell: Washington’s Farewell Address. * John Adams ($2^{nd}$ President): Notable for the XYZ Affair, Alien & Sedition Acts, and "Midnight Appointments." * Abigail Adams: Known for the request to "Remember the Ladies." * Constitutional Response: Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions. * The Marshall Court: * Marbury v. Madison: Established Judicial Review. * McCullough v. Maryland: Upheld Implied Powers and federal supremacy. * Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Regarding contract rights. * The Jeffersonian Era: * Revolution of $1800$: Transfer of power between parties. * Expansion: Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis & Clark expedition funded by the Land Act of $1801$. * Conflict and Commerce: Embargo Act, Non-Importation Act, Chesapeake Affair, and the Barbary Pirates. * James Madison and the War of $1812$: * Key Moments: Star-Spangled Banner, Hartford Convention, and the Battle of New Orleans. * Frontier Conflicts: Tippecanoe involving Harrison & Tecumseh; Horseshoe Bend led by Jackson. * Treaties: Treaty of Greenville and Treaty of Ghent ($1814$). * The Era of Good Feelings: * James Monroe ($5^{th}$ President): Author of the Monroe Doctrine. * Economy: $2^{nd}$ Bank of the U.S. * Diplomacy: Adams-Onis Treaty. * The Adam-Clay Era: * John Quincy Adams ($6^{th}$ President): Associated with the "Corrupt Bargain." * Henry Clay: Designer of the American System. # The Jacksonian Era and Antebellum Reform * The Age of Jackson: * Expansion of Democracy: Era of the Common Man, "Hard Cider," and the Spoils System. * Policy: Andrew Jackson ($7^{th}$ President), use of the Bank Veto, and the Gag Rule. * Indian Removal: Indian Removal Act of $1830$ and the Trail of Tears. * Sectionalism and Politics: * The Nullification Crisis: Tariff of Abominations and South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification. * Political Factions: Democrats vs. Whigs; growth of the Anti-Masons. * Martin Van Buren ($8^{th}$ President): The Panic of $1837$ (branded "Van Ruin’s Depression"). * Industrial and Economic Growth: * Transportation: Canals, Railroads (RR), and Roads. * Labor & Demographics: German and Irish Immigration; the Lowell System. * Inventions: Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney (plus Interchangeable parts), Cyrus McCormick’s reaper, and John Deere’s plow. * Social Reform and The $2^{nd}$ Great Awakening: * Religious Revival: Charles Finney, Camp Meetings, and the "Burned-Over District." * Movements: Temperance, Abolitionist, Prison reform, and Health & Asylums. * Education: Horace Mann. * Women's Rights: Suffrage and the Seneca Falls Convention. * Utopian Societies: Oneida, Brook Farm, Shakers, Mormons, and New Harmony. * Philosophy and Culture: * Transcendentalism: Emerson, Thoreau, and Melville. * Social Ideals: Republican Motherhood and the Cult of Domesticity. * Abolitionism: * Resistance: Underground RR, William Lloyd Garrison’s "Liberator," and rebellions by Vessey, Gabriel, and Nat Turner. * Organizations: American Anti-Slavery Society and American Colonization Society. * Transition: William Henry Harrison ($9^{th}$ President, who died in office). # Westward Expansion and Lead-up to Civil War * Expansionist Presidents: * John Tyler ($10^{th}$ President): Overlooked by the Charles River Bridge Case. * James K. Polk ($11^{th}$ President): High manifestation of "Manifest Destiny"; used images like "Lady" (American Progress). * Territorial Gains: * Texas: Lone Star Republic and Texas Annexation ($1845$). * Mexican-American War ($1846-1848$): Concluded with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ($1848$). * The West: Oregon Treaty of $1846$ ($54-40$ or Fight); Gadsden Purchase ($1853$); California’s Bear Flag Republic and the $49$ers. * Pioneers: Fort Laramie Council ($1851$); Mormons in Utah led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. * Culture: Hudson River Art School focused on landscapes. * Causation of the Civil War: * Presidents of the $1850$s: Zachary Taylor ($12^{th}$, died), Millard Fillmore ($13^{th}$), Franklin Pierce ($14^{th}$), James Buchanan ($15^{th}$). * Abolitionist Influence: Harriet Tubman and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s "Uncle Tom’s Cabin." * Ideological Conflicts: Wilmot Proviso, Calhoun Doctrine, Free-Soil Party, and the Know-Nothing Party. * Rising Tensions: Republican Party formation, Ostend Manifesto, and Frederick Douglass’s advocacy. * Legal and Legislative Friction: Compromise of $1850$, Fugitive Slave Act, Personal Liberty Laws, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, and the Freeport Doctrine. # The Civil War and Reconstruction * Prelude to War: * Legislative Conflict: Kansas-Nebraska Act $1854$ and Popular Sovereignty. * Bleeding Kansas: Lecompton Constitution and John Brown’s actions at Pottawattamie Creek. * Legal Crisis: Dred Scott v. Sanford. * Last Efforts: John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry raid and the Crittenden Plan $1860$. * The Civil War ($1861-1865$): * Abraham Lincoln ($16^{th}$ President): Assassinated following victory. * Military Strategy: Secession, Fort Sumter, and the Anaconda Plan. * Major Battles: Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Sherman’s March, and Appomattox. * Leadership: Grant vs. Lee; Lincoln vs. Jefferson Davis. * Homefront and Policy: Martial Law, suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus, Cotton Diplomacy, Radical Republicans, and Copperheads. * Turning Points: Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address. * Unrest: NYC Draft Riots. * Heroes: $54^{th}$ Massachusetts regiment and Clara Barton (Red Cross). * Warfare Style: Siege, Blockade, and Total War. * Reconstruction ($1865-1877$): * Constitutional Changes: $13^{th}, 14^{th}, ext{ and } 15^{th}$ Amendments. * Lincoln's Vision: Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction ($10$% Plan). * Legislative Counter: Wade-Davis Act and the Pocket Veto. * Andrew Johnson ($17^{th}$ President): Faced Impeachment; oversaw the Reconstruction Act (Military). * Institutionalized Racism: Black Codes, Vagrancy Laws, Literacy Tests, and the Grandfather Clause. # The Gilded Age, the West, and Industrialization * Post-Civil War South and Labor: * Legal Barriers: Poll Taxes, Jim Crow Laws, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. * Agencies: Freedmen’s Bureau. * The End of Reconstruction: KKK, the Mississippi Plan, and the Compromise of $1877$. * South Economy: Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers. * Demographic Labels: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers. * Black Leadership: Booker T. Washington (Atlanta Compromise and Tuskegee Institute) vs. W. E. B. DuBois (The Crisis). * The American West: * Theory: Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis. * Settlement: Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, and the movement of Exodusters. * Hardships: Prairie fever and Bonanza farms. * Native American Struggles: Sioux Wars with Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse; Little Big Horn and Wounded Knee. * Reform Advocacy: Helen Hunt Jackson’s "Century of Dishonor," the Dawes Act, and the Carlisle School. * Resistance: Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce. * Populism and the Farmers' Revolt: * Organizations: The Grange (Granger Laws), South Farmer’s Alliance, and the Ocala Platform. * Political Action: Populist Party and the Omaha Platform. * William Jennings Bryan: Highlighted by the "Cross of Gold" speech. * Expansion and Corruption: * Railroads: Transcontinental RR. * Industrialization Scandals: Credit-Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, and Fisk-Gould Scandal. # Industrialization and the Progressive Era * Late $19^{th}$ Century Politics: * Presidents: James Garfield ($20^{th}$, assassinated), Chester Arthur ($21^{st}$), Grover Cleveland ($22^{nd}$ & $24^{th}$), Benjamin Harrison ($23^{rd}$). * Economic Unrest: Depressions of $1873$ & $1893$, Coxey’s Army, and the Free Silver v. Gold Bugs debate. * Rise of Big Business: * Robber Barons: Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, Vanderbilt, Stanford, and Gould. * Strategies: Economies of Scale, Vertical & Horizontal Integration. * Labor Movements: * Unions: Molly Maguires, Knights of Labor (Powderly), AF of L (Gompers), and Industrial Unions (Debs). * Strikes: RR Strike of $1877$, Haymarket Square Riot ($1886$), Homestead Strike ($1892$), and Pullman Strike ($1894$). * Urbanization and the Social Fabric: * Conditions: Tenements, Ethnic Enclaves, and the Gilded Age. * Anti-Immigrant Sentiment: Chinese Exclusion Act and the American Protective Association. * Advocacy: Horatio Alger’s "Rags to Riches" stories. * Reform Movements: * Urban Governance: Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall; Thomas Nast’s Cartoons; Urban Political Machines. * Civil Service: Pendleton Act and the Civil Service Commission. * Social Justice: Jane Addams’ Hull House (Settlement Houses), Ida Wells, and the Social Gospel Movement. * Philosophy: Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward," Henry George’s "Progress & Poverty," and Pragmatism (Dewey & James). * Women's Rights: WCTU (Francis Willard), Anti-Saloon League, and NAWSA (Anthony, Stanton, Mott, Catt). # Imperialism and the Early $20^{th}$ Century * American Imperialism: * Ideology: White Man’s Burden, Josiah Strong’s "Our Country," and Mahan’s "Influence of Sea Power upon History." * Conflicts: Hawaii, Venezuela Boundary Dispute, and the USS Maine. * Spanish-American War ($1898$): * Key Locations: Cuba, Philippines, and Puerto Rico. * Leaders: Dewey at Manila Bay; Theodore Roosevelt (TR) & the Rough Riders. * Media: Yellow Press (Pulitzer & Hearst). * Treaties/Amendments: Treaty of Paris, Teller Amendment, and the Platt Amendment. * Teddy Roosevelt ($26^{th}$ President): * Foreign Policy: Hay’s Open Door Notes, Boxer Rebellion, Roosevelt Corollary, Panama Canal, and the Great White Fleet. * Accomplishment: Nobel Peace Prize for the Russo-Japanese War. * Domestic Policy: TR’s Square Deal, Coal Labor Arbitration, and "Trustbuster" status; Conservation and National Parks. * The Progressive Era ($1900-1920$): * Successors: William Howard Taft ($27^{th}$), known for "Dollar Diplomacy." * Social and Economic Acts: Hepburn Act, Meat Inspection Act, and Pure Food & Drug Act. * Amendments: $16^{th}, 17^{th}, 18^{th}, ext{ and } 19^{th}$. * Muckrakers: Jacob Riis ("How the Other Half Lives"), Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil), Upton Sinclair ("The Jungle"), Lincoln Steffens ("Shame of Cities"), and Frank Norris ("The Octopus"). * Political Reform: Robert LaFollette's Wisconsin Idea; Referendum, Recall, Initiative, and the City Manager Plan. # War and Reform (Wilson Era) * Social Welfare and Labor Reform: * Organizations: National Consumer’s League (Florence Kelley), Children’s Bureau (Julia Lathrop), YMCA, and Salvation Army. * Labor Issues: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, IWW (Wobblies/Big Bill Haywood), ILGW, and the Ludlow Massacre. * Business Control: FTC, Muller v. Oregon, and Lochner v. New York. * Women's Suffrage: NAWSA (Catt) and the National Woman’s Party (Alice Paul). * The Woodrow Wilson Administration ($28^{th}$ President): * Election of $1912$: New Freedom v. New Nationalism (Bull Moose Party). * Wilsonian Acts: Underwood Tariff, Federal Reserve Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Mann-Elkins Act, and Keating-Owen Child Labor Act. * World War I ($1914-1918$): * Causes: Nationalism, Militarism, Neutrality, and Alliances (Triple Alliance & Triple Entente). * Entry: Zimmerman Note, Lusitania, and the Sussex Pledge. * War Effort: Liberty Loan Bonds, Committee on Public Information (Creel), and the War Industries Board. * Social Impact: The Great Migration. * Post-War Resolution: $14$ Points, Treaty of Versailles, Ethnic Self-Determination, and the League of Nations conflict with Henry Cabot Lodge (Irreconcilables). # The $1920$s and the Great Depression * The Conservative Presidents: Warren Harding ($29^{th}$, died), Calvin Coolidge ($30^{th}$), and Herbert Hoover ($31^{th}$). * Policies: Republican Laissez-faire, Andrew Mellon's finance, and the "Return to Normalcy." * Scandals and Culture Wars: Teapot Dome Scandal (Fall), Red Scare, Palmer Raids, and the Scopes Trial (Sunday & McPherson). * Nativism: KKK, National Origins Act, and the Sacco & Vanzetti case. * Economy and Tech: Ford’s autos, Lindbergh’s flight, Radio, and the rise of Suburbs. * Culture: Harlem Renaissance (Hughes, Armstrong, Ellington, Cullen); The Lost Generation (Fitzgerald, Lewis, Hemingway, Faulkner); Flappers and Speakeasies. * The Great Depression: * Crash: Stock Market Crash, Speculation, and buying "On Margin." * Hoover's Failure: Hoovervilles, Hawley-Smoot Tariff, and the Bonus Army incident. * The New Deal ($1933-1938$): * FDR ($32^{nd}$ President): $1^{st}$ $100$ Days, Brain Trust, and Black Cabinet. * Legislation: Emergency Banking Act, FDIC, FERA, CCC, NYA, AAA, TVA, NRA, WPA, and Social Security. * Support and Opposition: Wagner Act/NLRB vs. critics like Townshend, Father Coughlin, and Huey Long ("Share the Wealth"). # WWII and the Early Cold War * Road to World War II: * Policy: Good Neighbor Policy, Neutrality Acts (Cash & Carry), and Lend-Lease. * Alliances: Axis vs. Allied Powers. * Major Events: Pearl Harbor, D-Day, Island Hopping, and the Hiroshima A-Bomb (Manhattan Project). * Home Front: Japanese-Internment Camps (Korematsu v. U.S.), Rosie the Riveter, and Zoot Suit Riots. * Conferences: Casablanca, Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam. * Domestic Mobilization: War Production Board (WPB) and Office of Price Administration (OPA). * The Early Cold War ($1945-1960$): * Containment: George Kennan, Truman Doctrine, Iron Curtain, Marshall Plan, and NATO. * Harry Truman ($33^{rd}$ President): Fair Deal, G.I. Bill, and the Berlin Airlift. * Eisenhower ($34^{th}$ President): Modern Republicanism, Interstate Highway Act, and the Military-Industrial Complex. * Red Scare II: McCarthyism, HUAC, and the Rosenbergs. * Conflict: Korean War ($38^{th}$ parallel). # The Civil Rights Movement and Late $20^{th}$ Century * The $1960$s and $1970$s: * John F. Kennedy ($35^{th}$ President): New Frontier, Peace Corps, Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. * Lyndon B. Johnson ($36^{th}$ President): Great Society, War on Poverty, Medicare/Medicaid. * The Vietnam War: Domino Theory, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive, and Vietnamization. * Civil Rights Struggle: * Key Moments: Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington ("I Have a Dream"), and Selma March. * Legislation: Civil Rights Act of $1964$ and Voting Rights Act of $1965$. * Factions: SCLC, SNCC, Black Power (Carmichael), and the Black Panthers (Newton). * Law: Warren Court (Brown v. Board, Miranda, Roe v. Wade). * Late Century Conflict and Shift: * Richard Nixon ($37^{th}$ President): Détente, SALT I, and the Watergate Scandal (Saturday Night Massacre). * Economic Issues: Stagflation, OPEC crisis, and WIN (Whip Inflation Now). * Jimmy Carter ($39^{th}$ President): Camp David Accords and the Iran Hostage Crisis. * Ronald Reagan ($40^{th}$ President): Reaganomics (Supply Side), Iran-Contra, and "Star Wars" (SDI). * Contemporary Eras: Persian Gulf War under Bush ($41^{st}$); NAFTA and Impeachment under Clinton ($42^{nd}$); and the Graying of America ($1970-2010$).