Ionic Bonding

Every element wants a full outer shell. During ionic bonding, one or more electrons will go to another element giving that element an outer shell.

Ionic Bonding = Metal + Non-Metal :

Meaning- The electron(s) comes from the metal and goes to the non-metal. (ALWAYS)

Covalent Bonding - Sharing electrons

Covalent bonding only happens between NON-METALS.

When 2 elements form a covalent bond, 1 or more electron pairs are shared between these 2 electrons.

Compounds and Molecules

Atoms join together to form compounds and molecules.

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Few elements exist naturally in their pure form. Gold is one example. Most other elements form compounds when their atoms bond with those of other elements

What is a compound?

Almost all everyday items are made up of chemical compounds, from the water coming out of the tap to the minerals in bricks and stones to the substances in the human body. A compound is a single substance made up of the atoms of 2 or more elements, which are chemically connected or bonded. This differentiates a compound from a mixture, which is made up of 2 or more separate substances.

Summary: A chemical compound is a pure substance made of 2 or more different elements that are chemically joined together.

Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis-

CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + H₂0

Combustion-

CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Carbon Sinks VS Carbon Sources

Carbon sinks absorb more carbon then they release

carbon sources release more carbon then they absorb

Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition and Geological Carbon Cyle

    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere into glucose (sugar) and oxygen, removing carbon from the atmosphere/water & into organic matter.

    Respiration is the cellular process where organisms like plants and animals, break down organic molecules to release energy & releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) back into the atmosphere/water.

    Decomposition refers to the process where decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter, returning carbon compounds to the atmosphere, soil, and water.

    Weathering is the process by which rocks are exposed to the weather change and break down. Erosion is the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered rock or soil. These processes occur in tandem to cycle carbon between land, water, and atmosphere. Many sedimentary rocks contain carbon (e.g: CaCO₃)

Balancing chemicals/equations

CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + H₂0 - Photosynthesis

CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O - Combustion

CH₄ + 0₂ are the reactants

CO₂ + H₂O are the products

N₂ + H₂ → NH₃

N= 2 N= 1❌

H= 2 H= 3❌

Next:

N₂ + 3H₂ →2 NH₃

N= 2 N= 1→2✅

H= 2→6 H= 3→6✅

Now, you have balanced the chemical equation by multiplying 2 parts of the equation.

Always remember the Law of Conservation: Nothing is gained or lost in a chemical equation

Hydrocarbons

In hydrocarbons, there are hydrogens, and carbons.

In carbon, there are 4 spaces left to create an outer shell and in Hydrogen there is 1 electron to give away.