Unit 2 (1607-1754) Learning Objectives (6-8% of AP Exam)

1. Contextualizing Period 2 (2.1)

• Learning Objective: Explain the context for colonization of North America from 1607-1754.

1. Key Concepts:

2. Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American Indians for resources.

3. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

4. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

5. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

6. The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

7. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.

8. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

9. European Colonization (2.2)

• Learning Objective: Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607-1754.

1. Spanish colonies: know areas controlled, encomienda, Pueblo Revolt, reasons for colonization

2. Know French economic relationships and personal relationships with Natives

3. English colonies: know religious, economic, and personal reasons for colonization; know relationships with Natives and family structures

4. The Regions of British Colonies (2.3)

• Learning Objective: Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607-1754.

1. Different types of colonies

2. Jamestown: John Smith; John Rolfe, Pocahontas, problems at Jamestown, tobacco

3. Chesapeake Bay colonies: tobacco, rural, indentured servants, headright system

4. Bacon’s Rebellion: causes and significance

5. New England Colonies: Puritans, Plymouth, Mayflower Compact, economics

6. Massachusetts Bay Colony: John Winthrop, City on a Hill, Puritans, Halfway Covenant, Salem Witch Trials

7. Rhode Island and Connecticut: Religious reasons, Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Order of Connecticut, self governing colonies

8. Middle Colonies: economics, diverse, urban, Quakers, William Penn

9. Southern Colonies: economics, role of slavery

10. British Control: lax oversight led to self government, role of colonial political control

11. Transatlantic Trade (2.4)

• Learning Objective: Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

1. Triangle Trade

2. Middle Passage

3. American Indian role in Transatlantic Trade

• British Control in Colonies: mercantilism, enforcement, Navigation Acts, Enforcement Acts

5. Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans (2.5)

• Learning Objective: Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time.

1. Conflict, accommodation, and alliances

2. Indian Wars: Metacom’s War (King Philip's War)

3. Pueblo Revolt vs. Spain and encomienda system

4. Slavery in the British Colonies (2.6)

• Learning Objective: Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions.

1. Role of slavery in each region

2. Middle Passage

3. Southern Colonies and chattel slavery, Slave Codes, racial system

• Learning Objective: Explain how enslaved people responded to slavery.

1. Stono Rebellion

2. Maintain culture, family and religion

3. Colonial Society and Structure (2.7)

• Learning Objective: Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time.

1. Pluralism

2. Enlightenment: John Locke, definitions

3. Great Awakening: George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards

• Learning Objective: Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain.

1. Anglicization and the colonies

2. American Ideals: House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact, Fundamental Order of Connecticut, limits to participation in government

3. American Culture: know the differences in society between areas

4. Comparison in Period 2 (2.8)

• Learning Objective: Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

Themes Addressed in Unit 2

• America in the World (WOR): Diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military interactions between empires, nations, and peoples shape the development of America and America’s increasingly important role in the world.

• American and National Identity (NAT): The development of and debates about democracy, freedom, citizenship, diversity, and individualism shape American national identity, cultural values, and beliefs about American exceptionalism, and in turn, these ideas shape political institutions and society. Throughout American history, notions of national identity and culture have coexisted with varying degrees of regional and group identities.

• Social Structures (SOC): Social categories, roles, and practices are created, maintained, challenged, and transformed throughout American history, shaping government policy, economic systems, culture and the lives of citizens.

• Geography and Environment (GEO): Geographic and environmental factors, including competition over and debates about natural resources, shape the development of America and foster regional diversity. The development of America impacts the environment and reshapes geography, which leads to debates about environmental and geographic issues.

• Migration and Settlement (MIG): Push and pull factors shape immigration to and migration within America, and the demographic change as a result of these moves shapes the migrants, society and the environment.

• Work, Exchange, Technology (WXT): The interplay between markets, private enterprise, labor, technology, and government policy shape the American economy. In turn, economic activity shapes society and government policy and drives technological innovation.

• American and Regional Culture (ARC): Creative expression, demographic change, philosophy, religious beliefs, scientific ideas, social mores, and technology shape national, regional, and group cultures in America, and these varying cultures often play a role in shaping government policy and developing economic systems.