(10/30/24 - A day Notes)

Latin American Slavery

Due to high cost, mostly served on plantations and domestic service

by the end of the colonial period slaves formed a minority of the total black/mulatto pop

frequently ran away and often formed communities (Quilombos) in mountains/jungles to lead resistance movements

freed blacks worked in agriculture and as artisans

Brazil

slaves imported because Indians lacked a strong work ethic

slave labor created a populous class of unemployed whites; socially unacceptable for whites to do hard labor

discipline was maintained with a severity that often degenerated into sadistic cruelty where the infliction of corporal punishment was concerned - Charles boxer

• forced prostitution of female slaves

• frequent suicides, low rate of reproduction

majority of freed blacks were tenant farmers/sharecroppers who owed labor and allegiance to landowners for privilege of farming piece of land

• others - squatters who settled the frontiers; artisans

Brazil was the last to get rid of slavery

1826 - signed a Brazil signed a treaty with England to end slave trade by 1831; Brazil didnt enforce; 1850 - still imported more than 50k slaves per year

1850s - Brazil passes Queiroz Anti-Slave-Trade Law (effective)

• severe labor shortage → large flow of slaves from north to south (coffee = )

• used for slave imports funneled into infrastructure, agriculture

abolitionist movements began in the 1860s in full force

• US civil war & war of the triple alliance called for emancipation

• Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico remained slave-holding countries

• 1870 — Spain frees all the newborn and aged slaves in Cuba & Puerto Rico

government frees slaves that agree to become soldiers

Rio Branco Law (1871) — freed newborn slaves

• masters had to care for them until 8

• could release them to the state in exchange for bonds or keep them as laborers until 21 (ineffective law)

(11/07/24 - A day Notes)

Slavery in the Americas

there was a high mortality rate so there was a constant importation of Africans

Brazil continued

• 1884 - outlaw slavery inn northern states

• 1885 - free slaves 60 and older

• 1888 - officially abolished

  • causes

    • abolitionist agitations

      • Joaquim Nabuco

        • leading abolitionist

        • underground railroad

    • armed insurrection

    • mass escape of slaves

Cuba and Puerto Rico

• 600,000 slaves arrive in early to mid 1800s

• slave rebellions in 1810, 1812, and 1844

• explored annexation to US

  • defense against abolition movements

• ten years war 1868-1878

  • seek independence from Spain

  • concessions but no independence

  • 1870 frees newborn children of slaves

  • 1880 Spain frees African slaves

    • 8 year apprenticeship

    • intended to grow support for Spanish rule

British North America

• 1714 - 1773

• Slave colonies

  • 95% of exports to great Britain

• Benefits of slavery

  • slavery created capital

  • created the raw materials

  • created large colonial markets

• Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713

  • GB defeats France and Spain

  • sole provider of slaves to colonies

Slavery universally accepted in 13 colonies

largely practiced in the south

• 1619 Jamestown VA

  • First African slaves

  • Indentured servants still preferred

  • 1676 Bacon’s rebellion

    • indentured servants follow Bacon

    • move to increase African slavery

  • Lower south

    • SC

      • Caribbean planters

      • rice and textiles

Slavery in the South

poor quality clothing, food, and shelter

families

• slave codes did not recognize marriage

• broken up by sale of parents or children

• use of reproduction to maintain population of slaves

great awakening saw conversion to Christianity

impacted culture of white southerners

• diet

• language

• art and music

Quakers first to oppose slavery

Germantown petition in 1688

Nat Turner (1831)

• slave rebellion in Southampton county VA

• bloodiest slave insurrection in the south

  • 60 whites killed

  • most successful & most frightening

Amistad (1838)

• Joseph Cinque

• mutiny of slave ship and led to landmark court case saying the slaves had the right to mutiny

(11/18/24 - A Day Notes)

Causes of the war for independence

War of Jenkins Ear 1739-1744

trade with native Americans

Oglethorpe tries to expel Spanish from Florida

fought because the British captured a Spanish naval officer and cut off Jenkins ear

fails to make Fort San Marcos (St Augustine)

Minor skirmishes ensue before both sides give up

King Georges War 1744-1748

war of Austrian succession

french attack Nova Scotia

New Englanders conquer LouisBourg (1745)

impressment of colonists

treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748

Pre-War America

policy of salutary neglect encourages self government and economic growth

• the colonists are two inches taller, and far healthier than those they left behind in Europe

• the puritans average eight children, and they are twice as likely to survive to adulthood

• they are 20% richer

• colonists pay one fourth the taxes of those in great britain

The French and Indian War 1754 - 1763

British and Iroquois allies force French traders out of the Ohio Valley

French return building a series of forts to block english and VA claims

1754 governor of VA sends 160 troops under George Washington

Militia defeated Fort Necessity

Albany Congress

• Albany Plan of Union

  • Ben franklin

• treaty with the Iroquois

• unite colonies for common defense

• assemblies refuse unification

Braddock’s Expedition

• 1755-1400 soldiers british regiments and provincial militia march on Ft.Duquesne

• Ambushed by french and indian allies

Braddock’s defeat leads many Ohio Indians to join the french

1755 - 1757 Indians raid the frontier settlements

1756 becomes part of conflict between allies of GB Prussia against France, Austria and Russia known as 7 years war

William Pitt

• 10,000 troops

• money

• generals Wolfe and Amherst

• July 1758 capture Louisbourg

1759 British and provincial militias reestablish control of NY

General Wolfe takes Quebec

1760 Amherst captures Montreal

1762 Spain enters as French ally

• english take french islands in caribbean

• take spanish cuba

Treaty of paris 1763

• england gets all land east of the mississippi and canada

• french lose all territory in North America but retains caribbean islands

• Spanish give up claims to florida and retain cuba and the Philippines and obtain new orleans and french territory west of the mississippi