Structures to know: Heart

Epicardium: The outermost layer of the heart, also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
Myocardium: The thick, muscular middle layer responsible for the heart's contraction.
Endocardium: The innermost layer that lines the heart chambers and valves.

Apex: The pointed tip of the heart, directed downwards and forwards.
Base: The upper part of the heart where major vessels are attached.
Aorta: The largest artery, which carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body.
- Ascending Aorta: The portion of the aorta that rises from the heart.
- Aortic Arch: The curve of the aorta that gives rise to major arteries supplying the head, neck, and arms.
Pulmonary Trunk: The large vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Left and Right Pulmonary Arteries: Branches that transport blood to the left and right lungs, respectively.
Superior Vena Cava: A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
Inferior Vena Cava: A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
Right Coronary Artery: Supplies blood to the right side of the heart.
Left Coronary Artery: Supplies blood to the left side of the heart.
Coronary Sinus: A large vessel that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and drains into the right atrium.

Right Atrium: The chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
Right Ventricle: The chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Left Atrium: The chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Left Ventricle: The chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
Interatrial Septum: The wall that separates the right and left atria.
Interventricular Septum: The wall that separates the right and left ventricles.
Right Atrioventricular (AV) Valve: Also known as the tricuspid valve; it prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
Chordae Tendineae: String-like structures that connect the AV valves to the papillary muscles and prevent valve inversion.
Papillary Muscles: Muscles located within the ventricles that anchor the chordae tendineae.
Pulmonary Valve: The semilunar valve that directs blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.
Left Atrioventricular (AV) Valve: Also known as the mitral valve; it prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
Aortic Valve: The semilunar valve that directs blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node): The natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses that cause heartbeats.
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node): Receives the impulse from the SA node and transmits it to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular Bundle: Also known as the Bundle of His; conducts impulses from the AV node to the bundle branches.
Bundle Branches: Split into right and left branches which conduct impulses to each ventricle.
Purkinje Fibers: Specialized fibers conducting impulses throughout the ventricles, leading to coordinated contraction.