Blood-Banking_Lesson-1

Immunohematology and Blood Banking

  • Immunohematology: Study of antigen-antibody reactions related to blood group-specific antigens and antibodies.

  • Blood Bank: Organizational unit responsible for collecting, processing, and storing blood for transfusion and other purposes.

  • National Blood Services Act of 1994 (RA 7719): Governs blood services in the Philippines.

Major Implementing Agencies in the Philippines

  • Philippine Blood Coordinating Council

  • Philippine National Red Cross

  • Hospital Blood Transfusion Committee

  • Blood Centers

  • National Reference Laboratories (NRL) for transfusion-transmissible infections

  • Department of Health (DOH) - Center for Health Development

  • Regional Blood Program Coordinator

  • Head of Blood Service Facilities

Blood Service Facility Standard Levels

  • Blood Station

  • Blood Collection Unit

  • Blood Station/Blood Collection Unit

  • Hospital Blood Bank

  • Hospital Blood Bank with Additional Function

  • Blood Center

History of Immunohematology

  • 1492: First recorded blood transfusion by Pope Innocent VII; utilizing blood from three young men, all died.

  • 1628: William Harvey discovered systemic circulation of blood.

  • 1666: Richard Lower succeeded in animal blood transfusion (dog to dog).

  • 1667: Jean Baptiste Denis published the first successful animal-to-human transfusion.

    • Exchanged blood between a severely ill boy and lamb.

  • 1795: Philip Syng Physick performed allegedly the first human-to-human transfusion.

  • 1825: James Blundell conducts the first successful transfusion to a woman with postpartum hemorrhage using her husband as the donor.

  • 1869: John Braxton Hicks recommended sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant.

  • 1901: Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system.

  • 1902: Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli identified the fourth blood group, AB.

  • 1907: Ludvig Hektoen suggested crossmatching for transfusion safety (Major and Minor Crossmatching).

  • 1913: Edward Lindemann achieved vein-to-vein transfusion using multiple syringes.

  • 1914: Albert Hustin reported using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.

  • 1915: Dr. Richard Lewisohn formulated optimum sodium citrate concentration for transfusions.

    • Prevented coagulation by chelating calcium ions (hypocalcemia).

  • 1916: Introduction of citrate dextrose solution for blood preservation by Rous and Turner.

Development of Blood Banking

  • 1921: Percy Lane Oliver established the first blood donor service (British Red Cross).

  • 1936-1939: Duran-Jorda organizes a mobile blood bank during the Spanish Civil War.

  • 1937: Bernard Fantus established the first hospital blood bank in the USA, coinage of the term "Blood Bank."

  • 1940: Cohn develops cold ethanol fractionation for plasma components.

  • 1941: U.S. government established a nationwide blood collection program.

    • "Plasma for Britain" launched in 1940, head: Dr. Charles Drew.

  • 1943: Introduction of Acid Citrate Dextrose for blood storage by Loutit and Mollison.

  • 1945: Coombs, Mourant, Russell Race described Anti-Human Globulin use.

  • 1947: Formation of the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB).

  • 1951: Introduction of first cell separator by Edward J. Cohn for blood component separation.

  • 1952: Flexible sealed bags for blood transfusion introduced by Walter and Murphy.

  • 1975: Kohler and Milstein discovered monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology.

  • 1985: First serologic test for HIV implemented in blood banks.

Blood Banking in the Philippines

  • Before WWII: Direct administration of collected blood to patients; anticoagulants allowed blood storage.

  • Post-WWII: Promotion of voluntary blood donation began.

  • 1948: Philippine National Red Cross launched the national blood program for a constant blood supply.

  • 1956: Republic Act no. 1517 (Blood Bank Law) passed, ensuring safe blood supply from hospitals and commercial banks; repealed by RA 7719 (National Blood Services Act, 1994).

  • 1957: Blood Galloners Club formed, increasing donor recruitment.

  • 1981: Memorandum Circular No. 10 by President Marcos promoted voluntary blood donation; established a Joint Committee on Blood Banking.

  • 1983: Philippine Blood Coordinating Council (PBCC) launched.

    • Goals of PBCC: To ensure safe blood through voluntary donation.