APWH Final Exam Review Notes

APWH Final Exam Review: Unit 5 (1750-1900)

  • Abolishment of Slavery and Serfdom

    • Motivated by the Enlightenment.
    • Initiated by Britain, US, Latin America, and Haiti (post-Haitian Revolution).
    • Russia abolished serfdom in the 1860s (same time as the US Civil War).
    • Britain/France: Early 1800s.
    • Russia (+US?): Abolished in 1860s, with Civil War and Tsar freeing serfs.

  • Effects of Mercantilism on Colonies

    • Restricted economic growth through:
    • Taxes.
    • Trade restrictions.
    • Limited local industries.

  • Prohibition of growing certain crops without approval.

    • Led to dependence on the founding country.

  • Similarities and Differences Between Haitian and French Revolutions

    • Similarities:
    • Inspired by the American Revolution.
    • Driven by Enlightenment ideas (middle class).
    • Desire for freedom.
    • Differences:
    • Haitian Revolution: Slave revolt.
    • French Revolution: Led by the middle class (bourgeoisie).

  • Creole Revolutions

    • Led by elite landowners (Creoles).
    • Causes:
    • Desire for independence from Spain.

  • Opposition to Spain’s mercantilism (only buying from/selling to Spain).

    • Creoles sought more political power.
    • Mestizos wanted political power and a share of wealth (sought to remove Spanish).
    • Note: Creoles' revolution WAS NOT led by Mestizoes.
    • Effects:
    • Conservative governments established.

  • Legal end to slavery and some social distinctions in newly independent Latin American countries.

    • Women gained limited rights.
    • Leadership:
    • Simon Bolivar.

  • Agricultural Revolution (linked to Industrial Revolution)

    • Causes/Effects:
    • Increased lifespans and life expectancy.
    • Crop rotations.
    • Seed drill (device that planted seeds in a spot on the ground).
    • Greater agricultural productivity.
    • Population growth (TL;DR).
    • Urbanization due to farmers moving to cities.

  • Industrial Revolution

    • Causes:
    • Started in Britain due to:
    • Access to water routes.
    • Raw materials (coal, iron, wood).
    • Resources from colonies.
    • Increased agricultural output.
    • Urbanization.
    • New laws protecting entrepreneurs.
    • Accumulation of wealth.
    • Water routes important for transport AND power (early factories built along rivers).
    • Coal became important later with the invention of the steam engine.
    • Effects on labor force:
    • Transformation into factory workers (working class).
    • Middle class became businessmen, improved living conditions.
    • Increased labor specialization in the middle class (many job opportunitites).
    • Abusive conditions for the working class:
    • Long hours.
    • Brutal working conditions.
    • Low wages.
    • Effects on diversity/supply of consumer goods:
    • Increased production of goods.
    • Wider range of products available at lower costs (varied and cheap goods, consumerism).

  • Similarities Between Japanese and Russian Industrialization

    • Meiji Government/Policies:
    • Government support of industrialization efforts.
    • Government-funded industrialization (unlike private initiatives elsewhere).
    • Government drove industrialization.

  • Failure of Qing and Ottoman Empires to Industrialize

    • Causes:
    • Weak governments.
    • Internal and external problems.
    • Qing: Nationalists vs. Communists, bad crops.
    • Qing: Scholars tried to block industrialization.
    • Ottoman: “Red Sultan,” refusal of Western ideas (including industrialization).
    • Ottoman: Janissaries also blocked industrialization.
    • Both:
    • Support for old ways.
    • Government agencies blocked necessary reforms to modernize.
    • Allowed Europeans to overpower them.

  • Marxist Theory

    • Marxism: Response to laissez-faire capitalism.

  • Predicted the proletariat (working class) would revolt and seize factories, leading to a classless, stateless society (communism).

    • Leninism: Similarities and differences from Marxism.
    • Centralized authority.
    • Command of the communist party.
    • New Economic Policies (NEP) with some capitalism: Set quotas and allowed farmers to sell excess to increase productivity.
    • Stalinism:
    • Discontinued Leninism.
    • Introduced Five Year Plans.

Unit 6

  • Social Darwinism

    • Based on Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory.
    • Used to justify European and US expansion, claiming white people were biologically superior.

  • Missionary Activity in Colonial Territories

    • Causes:
    • Spread Christianity (civilizing mission).
    • Effects:
    • Spread of Christianity.
    • Altered colonial social structures with the introduction of a new religion.

  • Extraterritoriality

    • Define:
    • Immunity to local law, usually resulting from negotiations.
    • Opium Wars led to the Treaty of Nanjing.
    • Commodore Perry forced Japan to open the Bay of Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa.
    • Countries were forced into extraterritoriality from forced negotiations.
    • Examples:
    • Result of unfair treaties after Commodore Perry.
    • Meiji Restoration.
    • Western foreigners were immune to Japanese law.

  • Ethiopia

    • Differences Between Ethiopia and Other Parts of Sub-Saharan Africa During Age of Imperialism:
    • Ethiopia (Abyssinia) was not conquered or imperialized despite Italian efforts (Battle of Adowa?).
    • Ethiopia was already a Christian state (one of the earliest and one of the only African Christian states).

  • Migration Patterns 1800-1900

    • Urbanization/connection to industrialization.

  • Large amount of cities exponentially growing.

    • Migration from colonies, China, and Japan for labor.

  • Internal migration (e.g., rural England to London).

    • Transcontinental migration (e.g., European peasants to America, such as the Irish following the Potato Famine).
    • Labor migration (indentured servitude).
    • Causes/locations/effects.

Unit 7

  • Comparison of Russian, Chinese, and Mexican Revolutions in the 20th Century

    • Common Causes:
    • Desire for land redistribution (societal change).

  • Land measures wealth, which motivated redistribution of land to the poor and not only in a select few.

    • Dictatorships or autocratic rule.
    • Strong sense of nationalism.
    • Common Goals:
    • OVERTHROW THE POWER, reform economic systems, challenge social hierarchy, industrialize and modernize.
    • Common Policies:
    • Land got redistributed.

  • Causes of WWI (MAIN)

    • Militarism:
    • Countries invested heavily in their military (Britain and Germany spent the most).
    • Increased by the Industrial Revolution, allowing mass production of weapons.
    • Germany had to build an army that could compete with Britain and France, and the more they built, the more the other countries built. This led to a peacetime arms race that led to tension.
    • Armies were used for imperialism.
    • Alliances:
    • European nations formed alliances that turned the war into an all-out conflict.
    • Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia.
    • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
    • Once you attack one member of an alliance, you bring the whole alliance into the conflict.
    • Imperialism:
    • Countries required more resources, leading to competition for land in Africa.
    • Tension to expand from competition.
    • Nationalism:
    • Pride in one’s own country.
    • The group that assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand (The Black Hand) was a nationalist group.
    • Fueled expansion of empire-building (colonies less profitable).

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    *The four main causes World War I are as follows:

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    *All work together with one another

  • WWI as a Total War

    • Total war: Nation’s domestic population, including its military, would be committed to winning the war, inputting all resources, rationing food, censoring media, and more.

  • All production is mobilized for war.

    • Propaganda:
    • Communication meant to influence attitudes/opinions by spreading inaccurate or biased information.
    • Governments displayed army and navy recruitment campaigns and wartime propaganda using posters and articles with misinterpreted versions of the war.
    • If civilian production was geared towards winning a war, then civilians would be targeted

  • Causes of Ottoman Collapse

    • Inability to adapt to new times.

  • Failure to modernize.

    • Internal: Turks (Janissaries) didn’t want to modernize.
    • External: Other ethnic groups, such as the Arabs and Armenians.

  • Causes of Great Depression

    • Trigger: US stock market crash.

  • America's economy was the only economy running Post WW1, and when it fell, all the other European countries fell with it.

    • Germany forced to pay billions in reparations (Treaty of Versailles).

  • Caused increased printing of money, leading to inflation and decreased value.

    • France and Britain struggled to pay loans to the US.
    • USSR refused to pay Russia’s debts.

  • Changing Role of Governments in Reaction to Great Depression

    • USA: New Deal under Franklin D. Roosevelt.

  • Signifies government intervention into the economy.

  • Soviet Industrialization Process Under Stalin

    • Collectivization: Taking private land (particularly farmland) and making it government-owned.

  • Common in communist countries.

    • Ex: Stalin.
    • Ex: The Great Leap Forward.
    • Often led to famine due to the inability to keep up with the same production as private farms.
    • Holodomor was a man-made famine that coincided with collectivization.
    • 5 Year Plans:
    • Stalin planned to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union.
    • The industrialization plans for the Soviet Union.

  • Japanese Imperialism

    • Causes:
    • Wanted to protect culture.
    • Noticed industrialized states were overpowering non-industrialized ones.
    • Following the Meiji Restoration, Japan required resources such as oil and iron (island nation).
    • Japan wanted to be competitive against European countries.
    • Justifications:
    • Wanted to create a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

  • essentially wanting to unite all of Asia.

    • Needed resources to industrialize.

  • Brand name Japan put to get Asia to be united against imperial powers.

    • The Treaty of Versailles hyperinflated the country into extreme economic instability (for both), and combined with people's faith in their political system crumbling, this led fascism to be accepted
    • Led to need of raw materials

  • led to Japanese imperialism in search for resources

    • when LON told them to stop, Japan called them hypocrites and left LON (Proceeded to do the same thing)

  • Factors in the Rise of Fascism in Italy and Germany

    • Fascist leaders claimed they could fix economic instability.
    • Post-war dissatisfaction led to social unrest and a sense of nationalism.
    • Dislike of the current political system.

  • Appeasement

    • Neville Chamberlain of Britain gave in to Hitler’s demands to keep the peace.
    • Failed as Hitler kept increasing power and taking land, abusing Britain’s unwillingness to stand up to him.
    • Culminated to an end when Nazi Germany invaded Poland.

    What made it clear the policy had failed?

  • Holocaust

    • Causes:
    • Rise of Nazism.

  • Nazis used Jews as a Scapegoat due to high antisemitism in Germany.

    • Humiliation after WW1.
    • Propaganda.
    • Industrial technology (trains and poison gas).

Unit 8

  • Causes of the Cold War

    • Principal cause: rivalry between the US and USSR, caused by differences in economic systems (capitalism and communism) and government (democracy and authoritarianism).

    What was the principal cause?

  • Role of WWII in the Emergence of New Superpowers

    • WWII facilitated the rise of the US and USSR.
    • US benefited from supply demand in Europe, recovering from the Great Depression, and minimal damage compared to Europe.
    • USSR's authoritarian government and communist bloc resources helped its economy recover despite damage.
    • weakened other world powers influence (FR and BR).

  • Great Leap Forward

    • ID: CCP Campaign where Mao Zedong wanted to turn China into an industrialized society.
    • Goals:
    • Rapidly industrialize China from agrarian society into a communist industrial power through central control.
    • Effects:
    • Peasants were forced to produce steel.
    • Massive famines and deaths.
    • Failed to industrialize successfully, leading to the Cultural Revolution.
    • Cultural Revolution = operation “everyone becomes communist”.

  • Impact of Nuclear Weapons on Total War

    • Connection Between Proxy Wars and Nuclear Weapons:
    • Mutual Assured Destruction:
    • If the US and the USSR sent out their nukes, everyone would deal with the destruction (nuclear winter and fallout).

  • Causes for the Founding of NATO

    • NATO was founded to both stop the spread of Communism and to give security to its members
    • Cold War construction

  • Decolonization

    • When?: 1945-1960.
    • Where?: Africa (most prominently), Australia, and numerous locations worldwide.

  • African boundaries: originated from the Berlin Conference, where European countries divided Africa without African leaders present.

  • Imperialism’s Effect on Economic Development

    • Most former colonies based foreign trade on providing resources / selling raw materials to industrialized powers.

    What did most former colonies base foreign trade on?

  • Nasser

    • Suez Canal seizure as an example of nationalism.

  • Suez Canal (+Egypt in general) was effectively controlled by Britain.

    • Upon gaining independence, they nationalized the Suez.
    • Nasser was the president who did this.

  • Partition of India

    • Causes:
    • Difference in religion (Hindu majority, Muslim minority wanting their own country).
    • British partitioned India into India and Pakistan upon decolonization.
    • Split into India, East Pakistan, and West Pakistan (East Pakistan later became Bangladesh).

  • Causes of the Collapse of the Soviet Union

    • Cost of the arms race.

  • Soviet Union couldn’t keep up with the cost of the arms race and the cost of creating consumer items due to poor economic system under communism.

    • policies of perestroika and glasnost implemented by Gorbachev.
    • Meanwhile, the US was able to fund military spending and consumer items.
    • Soviet Union Relaxed their Standards, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union

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    *USSR didn’t stop countries from overthrowing Soviet influence, leading to anticlimactic collapse
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    *Ex:
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  • tearing down of the Berlin Wall
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  • Countries in USSR Sphere of Influence overthrew their Soviet Governments

Unit 9

  • Causes of Global Population Increases in the 20th Century

    • Green Revolution

  • More food=more people

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    *Decrease in death rates
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    *Improvements in the medical field, such as vaccines and antibiotics, deaths from deadly diseases were reduced

  • Effects of Globalization and Lowering of Trade Barriers in late 20th and early 21st Centuries

    • Economic Specialization:
    • Knowledge-Based Economies

  • higher focus on technical / development (made the idea)

    • ex: Apple
    • Manufacturing-Based Economies

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    *higher