In-Text Citations and Formatting

Source Locators

  • Books: Page number
  • Videos/Audiobooks: Timestamp
  • PowerPoint: Slide number
  • Webpage: Paragraph number or heading

Types of In-Text Citations

  • Parenthetical
  • Narrative

Parenthetical Citations

  • Author's last name and year of publication in parentheses.
  • Elements separated by a comma.
  • Located at the end of the sentence or in the middle if it makes more logical sense.
  • Source locator included as: (Author, Year, p. #) or (Author, Year, pp. #-#)

Narrative Citations

  • Author's name incorporated into the text; date in parentheses directly after the name.
  • Source locator in parentheses at the end of the text.
  • Author's name can be at any point in the sentence.

Scenarios

  • Two authors (Parenthetical): (Author1 & Author2, Year)
  • Two authors (Narrative): Author1 and Author2 (Year)
  • More than three authors: (Author et al., Year); et al. means "and others".
  • Group Author (Organization): Write out the full organization name, include abbreviation in brackets if applicable: (World Health Organization [WHO], Year)
  • Subsequent citations can use the abbreviated form: (WHO, Year)
  • No Author: Use a shortened title in the name element instead.
    • Italicize if the title is italicized in the reference list.
    • Use double quotations if the title is not italicized.
  • Missing Date: Use "n.d." (no date) in the year of publication portion.

Citing Multiple Studies

  • Separate each citation with a semicolon within the parentheses (Parenthetical).
  • Separate each citation with a comma in the narrative entry.
  • (Author1 et al., Year; Author2, Year; Author3, Year)
  • Author1 et al. (Year), Author2 (Year), and Author3 (Year)

Same In-Text Citation

  • Use lowercase letters to differentiate sources in the year of publication: (Author, Year a) and (Author, Year b).

Direct Quotes

  • Fewer than 40 words.
  • Enclose the direct quote in double quotations.
  • (Author, Year, Timestamp)
  • Narrative entry: Author (Year) "quote" (Timestamp).

Block Quotes

  • 40 or more words.
  • Start the quote on its own line, indented one half inch.
  • Double-spaced.
  • No double quotations.
  • Citation after the closing punctuation.
  • Narrative entry: Author (Year) before the block text; source locator after the closing punctuation.