GCSE Biology Notes

Gas Exchange and Respiration

Gas Exchange Between Alveoli and Capillaries

Gases can dissolve and diffuse between the lungs and the circulatory system.
Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus.
The process involves the pulmonary artery bringing blood from the heart to the lungs where gas exchange occurs, and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart.
The respiratory membrane facilitates gas exchange.
Key components include the larynx, trachea (windpipe) with rings of cartilage, clavicle (collar bone), right lung, bronchus, bronchioles, ribs, intercostal muscles, pleural cavity fluid, pleural membranes, and diaphragm.
External and internal intercostal muscles aid in breathing.

9.1 Aerobic Respiration

All can state the aerobic respiration equation and explain why respiration is important.

Questions

State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
State the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration.
Where does aerobic respiration occur in cells?
Explain why muscle cells have many mitochondria and fat cells have very few mitochondria.
Explain why sperm cells have a large number of mitochondria.
Energy is released by respiration:
- Describe three main uses of energy in animals.
- Describe two uses of energy in plants.

Independent Investigating Task

A 10-minute science task to investigate if there is a difference in fist clenching speed between boys and girls.
Requires a prediction, identification of variables, a results table, and a conclusion.
Focus on making results reliable.

Independent Learning Task: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Define aerobic respiration.
State the aerobic respiration equation.
Define anaerobic respiration.
State the anaerobic respiration equation in animals, plants, and yeast.
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans (4 marks).
Explain how waterlogged soils cause poor crop growth (6 marks). (Use key words – Active transport, Oxygen, Respiration)

Aerobic Respiration Explained

Respiration involves oxygen and glucose joining to form carbon dioxide and water.
Energy is released in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), which is the source of energy in the cell.
Aerobic respiration is an exothermic reaction (energy is given out to the environment).
Oxygen and glucose are carried around the body in the blood and diffuse into muscle cells.
Respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

Mitochondria and Respiration

Mitochondria are large organelles found in all eukaryotic cells and are the site of respiration.
Respiration, a chemical reaction, occurs in many steps, each controlled by an enzyme inside the mitochondria.
Mitochondria have a highly folded inner membrane, providing a large surface area for enzymes to speed up the rate of respiration.
The more mitochondria in a cell, the more active the cell is (e.g., muscle cells).

Energy Needs

The average teenage boy needs around 11,510 \,\text{KJ}.
Teenage girls need around 8,830 \, \text{KJ} because girls on average are smaller than boys.
Boys have more muscles containing mitochondria, necessitating more glucose for respiration and, therefore, more energy from food.

The Need for Respiration

The energy from respiration is carried around a cell by a molecule called ATP.
Living cells use energy to build large molecules from small molecules (synthesis reactions, e.g., protein synthesis).
Energy is also used to break down large molecules into small molecules (e.g., digestion).
In animals, energy from respiration is used in muscle cells to help them contract and relax, even during sleep (e.g., the beating heart and rib muscles controlling breathing).
In some animals, energy helps maintain a constant internal temperature through shivering and sweating (birds and mammals).
In plants, energy released in respiration is used to actively transport minerals.

9.3 Anaerobic Respiration

All can state the anaerobic respiration equation and explain why respiration is important.

9.3 Anaerobic Respiration Questions

State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in:
- Human muscle cells
- Bacteria used to produce yogurt
- Yeast during the fermentation process
- Plant roots in waterlogged soil
In your own words, explain what muscle fatigue is and how it is caused.
Explain what oxygen debt is.
Explain why you continue to breathe heavily after you have finished exercising.
Explain how anaerobic respiration differs between animals, plants, and yeast. In each case, explain the benefits of being able to respire in this way.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is not enough oxygen available.
Lactic acid is a poison that causes pain and cramps in muscles.
Anaerobic respiration produces less energy than aerobic respiration.

Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

Using muscles for a long time can make them fatigued (tired).
When this happens, the muscles contract less efficiently and energy is wasted.
One cause of muscle fatigue is the build-up of lactic acid due to anaerobic respiration.
Lactic acid is a poison that damages the cells and can cause painful cramps.
Lactic acid molecules, therefore, need to be broken down and made safe; this occurs in the liver.
Lactic acid is transported to the liver in the blood and converted back into glucose, which can be used in aerobic respiration or stored as glycogen.
This process requires oxygen; the extra oxygen required to break down lactic acid is known as oxygen debt.

Anaerobic Respiration in Plants / Yeast

Anaerobic respiration also takes place in plants and some microbial cells in the presence of little or no oxygen.
Examples include fermentation in yeast cells or the roots of plants in waterlogged soils (e.g., rice).
Anaerobic respiration in plant cells and some microorganisms (such as yeast) produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Ethanol is poisonous; if anaerobic respiration goes on too long, the plant can die.
Rice plants have a high tolerance to ethanol and can survive in waterlogged soil.
Anaerobic respiration is economically important; in yeast cells, it is known as fermentation.
Fermentation is used in the brewing industry to produce alcoholic drinks, such as beers and wine.

9.2 The Response to Exercise

How your body responds to the increased demands for energy during exercise.

9.2 Responses to Exercise Questions

Describe the functions of the muscles, what do muscles require to help them carry out their functions effectively.
Explain how muscle cells are adapted to their function.
Describe and explain the changes that occur during exercise.
Explain why muscles contain a store of glycogen.
Compare and contrast the changes that occur during exercise for an unfit person and a fit person. Use data from the table.

Muscles Functions and Requirements

Muscles support the body, move bones, and control breathing (intercostal rib muscles).
The heart, made of muscles, constantly contracts and relaxes to pump blood around the body.
Muscles require a large amount of energy provided by aerobic respiration.
Energy is used to make muscle fibers contract.

Muscle Cells

The cytoplasm contains special contracting proteins fibers that allow the cell to shorten and contract, or elongate and relax.
Contain mitochondria to release energy (in aerobic respiration) used by the chemical reactions that control contraction of the cells.
Store glycogen (a carbohydrate) that can be broken down into glucose for use in respiration.

Variables in Science Investigation

Variables

Independent variable (the thing we change).
Dependent variable (the thing we measure).
Control variables (the things we keep the same).

Science investigation question

How does exercise affect the breathing rate?

Plan science investigat

Prediction, Results table, Graph, Conclusion.

Exercise and Breathing Rates

To find out if exercise affects your breathing rate.
Method:
1. Sit still and count how many times you breathe in one minute; this is your resting breathing rate.
2. Do light exercise, like walking, for 1 minute, then sit down and count your breathing rate again.
3. Do hard exercise, like running on the spot, for 1 minute.

Response to Exercise: Body Changes

During exercise, muscle cells must contract harder and faster and need more energy, thus respiring more.
This means muscles will need more oxygen and glucose, and the extra carbon dioxide produced will also need to be removed.
The breathing rate increases and breathing volume increases.
This means more oxygen diffuses into the hemoglobin in the red blood cells in the blood, and more oxygen is carried to muscle cells for aerobic respiration, and carbon dioxide is removed from the body at a faster rate.
The heart rate increases, and the arteries going to the muscles dilate (widen).
This increases blood flow to muscles, so the muscles have more oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration, and carbon dioxide is also removed at a faster rate.
Glycogen stored in muscles is converted into glucose to be used in respiration.

Breathing and Gas Exchange

How alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries.

Questions

Label diagrams of the respiratory system.
Describe the role of the pleural membrane.
Summarize the process of breathing.
Define the term ventilation.
Describe the changes in the body that cause inhalation.
Describe the changes in the body that cause exhalation.
Explain how gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.

The Breathing System

Respiration needs Oxygen. Oxygen enters the blood through the lungs and the breathing system.
The lungs are in the thorax.
The lungs are surrounded by thin membranes called the plural membranes which protects the lungs and reduces friction when the lungs inhale and exhale.
Components: Mouth, bronchus, alveoli, trachea, diaphragm, lung, intercostal muscle, rib, bronchiole.

Breathing In and Out

Breathing in and out is known as ventilation.
Breathing in is called inhaling; air goes into the lungs.
A gas from the air called oxygen diffuses into the blood.
A waste gas dissolved in the blood plasma called carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs.
Breathing out is called exhaling; the waste gas goes into the air.
Oxygen gas from the air is needed by the cells in the body for respiration.
The gas is carried by the blood.
The heart is an organ that pumps the blood.

Activity: Breathing In and Out

Method: Breathe gently in and out through the tube at the top. Observe what happens to the limewater in the tubes.
Limewater turns cloudy if carbon dioxide is present.

Conclusion:

In which tube did the lime water go milky first? A or B?
Why do you think this happened?

Breathing In and Out - Changes in the Thorax

	Breathing in (inhaling)	Breathing out (exhaling)
Ribs	move up and outwards	move down and inwards
Diaphragm	flattens and moves downwards	becomes dome shaped and moves upwards
Air	more oxygen	more carbon dioxide
Volume of Thorax	The volume of the thorax increases	The volume of the thorax decreases

Gas Exchange in the Alveolus

Deoxygenated blood in the capillaries comes close to the alveoli.
Oxygen is in a high concentration in the alveoli and a low concentration in the blood, so oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood by diffusion.
Carbon dioxide is in a high concentration in the blood and a low concentration in the air in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide moves by diffusion from the blood into the air in the alveoli.

Adaptations of the Alveoli

The alveoli have a large surface area for gas exchange to take place.
The alveoli walls and capillary walls are very thin so that there is a short distance for diffusion; so diffusion can take place quickly.
Alveoli have a good blood supply to maintain the diffusion gradient.
Inhaling and exhaling ensures the lungs are well ventilated, which removes the CO2 and replaces the O2; this also helps maintain the diffusion gradient.

4.1 The Blood Functions

The average person has between 4.7 and 5 liters of blood in their body.
Oxygen, Glucose, amino acids, fats, Carbon dioxide, Urea are all transported in the blood.
The blood also contains white blood cells which protect you from diseases and pathogens.
Platelets and the protein fibrinogen can form blood clots and protect you from cuts. Blood clots can form scabs which form a temporary barrier and protect you from microbes entering your body.

Contents of Blood

Platelets: broken bits of red blood cells and proteins; the clotting process involves a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where the protein fibrinogen is converted into fibrin; fibrin fibers form a mesh-like structure that captures platelets and red blood cells to form a clot; blood clots can form scabs, which prevent microbes from entering the body.
Red Blood Cells: biconcave discs providing a large surface area to volume ratio for a fast rate of diffusion of oxygen; contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen; have no nucleus, therefore, can carry more hemoglobin.
White Blood Cells: fight disease and microbes (pathogens) by surrounding and digesting microbes; produce antibodies to kill pathogens; phagocytes surround and ingest bacteria in a process called phagocytosis; lymphocytes produce antitoxins which neutralize toxins and produce antibodies which attack and destroy pathogens; the antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogen.
Plasma: a yellowish liquid that carries nutrients and waste products (e.g. – glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, carbon dioxide urea).

4.2 Blood Vessels

Arteries: Carry blood Away from the heart; carry Oxygenated blood.
Veins: Carry blood into the heart; carry Deoxygenated blood
Capillaries: Blood changes from Oxygenated to Deoxygenated because oxygen diffuses into tissue cells for use in respiration, AND Carbon dioxide made in respiration diffuses out of the tissue cells into the blood.

Blood vessel types:

1.  Arteries:
2.  Veins:
3.  Capillaries:

Artery structure:

Carry blood away from the heart.
Have a narrow lumen.
Have a high blood pressure.
Thicker muscle walls and thicker elastic fibers which stretch under pressure.

Vein Structure:

Carry blood into the heart.
Have a wide lumen.
Thinner muscle walls and thinner elastic fibers.
Have low blood pressure.
Prevent backflow.

Capillaries characteristics:

Carry blood from arteries to veins through body tissues.
Have a very narrow lumen.
(one red blood cell thick).
Have a large surface area to allow gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients (glucose) to diffuse quickly in and out of cells.
Capillary walls are very thin, one cell thick, to allow a fast rate of diffusion.

Veins have Valves:

To act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.
These valves are similar to those found in the heart.
Normal direction of blood flow is supported by muscular massage, muscles that surround the veins, when muscles contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

4.3 The Heart components:

*   Pulmonary Artery.
*   Aorta.
*   Vena Cava.
*   Pulmonary Vein.
*   Right atrium.
*   Left atrium.
*   Right ventricle.
*   Left ventricle.

Valves:

Tricuspid valve.
Semi-lunar valve.
Bicuspid valve.
Septum which separates the two halves of the heart.
Tendons hold the valves in place.

The Human Heart

The thin muscle walls of the atrium contract and force blood through the valves into the ventricles.
The thick muscles walls of the ventricles contract and force blood through the valves into the arteries.
The arteries carry the blood around the body.
You can hear the two sets of valves closing when the heart beats Dum Dum.

Heart Attack

The heart is a muscle and needs oxygen to respire and contract, it gets oxygen via the coronary artery.
If the coronary artery becomes blocked with fat, then oxygen cannot get to the heart muscle cells, which cannot respire and so die; this is called a heart attack.

Risk Factors For Heart Attack

Lack of exercise.
Poor diet (high in fats / carbs).
Smoking.
Obesity.
High blood pressure.
Salt.
Diabetes.
Genes.

Coronary Heart Disease Treatments

Stents. A stent can be used to treat narrow coronary arteries; a stent is a metal mesh that is placed in the artery; a tiny balloon is inflated to open up the blood vessel and the stent at the same time; the balloon is deflated and removed, leaving the stent in place holding the widened blood vessel open; this allows the blood in the coronary artery to flow freely.
Bypass surgery. Doctors can replace a blocked coronary artery with a vein from other parts of vein body, for example to the leg.
Statins. Doctors can prescribe statins to anyone at risk from cardiovascular disease to reduce blood cholesterol levels, which slows down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries.

4.4 Helping The Heart - Leaky Valves

If the heart contains two different sets of valves, what do we know?

The atrioventricular valves (AV Valves) separate the atrium from the ventricle.
The semilunar valves separate the ventricles from the start of the arteries.
When closed the valves must withstand the high blood pressure created by the contracting heart muscle.
Over time these may become stiff and blood may flow backwards, causing heart to become less efficient due to less respiration energy release, meaning a person may become breathless and tired and eventually die.

Treatment for Other Heart Problems Leaky Valves

Doctors can operate and replace faulty heart valves.

Replacement valves cab be :-

Artificial - made of titanium or polymers to avoid rejection; no risk of transferring pathogens and transmitting disease with artificial valves; however, artificial Valves can cause blood clots, so medicine must be taken to prevent it, which may for life.
Biological Valves - taken from donor animals or even human donors, they work extremely well and do not cause blood clots, thus no need to take anti-clotting medicine; valves need replacing as they only last 12-15 years; immunosuppressant drugs must be taken to stop transfer pathogens and disease.

Heart Pacemakers

The intrinsic rhythm of the heart beat is maintained by a wave of electrical excitations similar to a nerve impulse.
The impulse is created by a group of cells in the right atrium called the Sinoatrial node; this area is known as the natural pacemaker.
Problems with the rhythm of the heart can be solved using an Artificial Pacemaker.
Artificial pacemakers only weigh between 20g and 50g.
They are attached to your heart by two wires and sends and stimulate the heart to beat properly; require medical check ups for the rest of a persons life.

Heart Transplants

Doctors replace your heart with a donor heart or heart and lungs, to reduce the risk of rejection a close tissue match between the donor and the recipient is needed, this means many people must wait a long time before they can receive a transplant, Often a person will die before the receive a transplant.

Artificial Hearts

Artificial hearts are machines that can support your natural heart until it can be replaced, there is a high risk of the blood clotting, so anti-clotting drugs must be taken.

9.4 Metabolism and the Liver

Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell or in a body.
Metabolic rate is the total rate of chemical reactions in the body.

Your metabolism can be affected by:

Genes.
BMI.
Weight.
Age.
Gender.

Respiration is an example of a metabolic reaction,

During respiration,

energy is released (in the form of heat and ATP).
The heat is used to help maintain a constant internal body temperature (37°C).
The heat also allows enzymes that control chemical reactions to work at their optimum temperature.
The energy in the form of ATP is used in many chemical reactions including active transport and muscle contraction.

Metabolism Common metabolic reactions include:-

Converting glucose to starch / cellulose / glycogen.
Formation of lipids molecules (from fatty acid and glycerol).
Formation of amino acids from glucose and nitrate molecules.
Respiration.
Photosynthesis.
Break down of excess amino acids to form urea in the liver.

The Liver's Metabolic Functions

Detoxifying and breaking down poisonous substances such as ethanol (alcohol).
Breaking down of excess amino acids to form urea and passing the urea into the blood so that they can be removed from the body by the kidney in the urine.
Breaking down old red blood cells and storing their Iron so it can be used to make more haemoglobin for new red blood cells.
Breaking down lactic acid from anaerobic respiration and turning it back into glucose; oxygen is then used to break down the glucose.

Bile

The gall bladder stores Bile and secretes it into the start of the small intestine.
Bile is Alkali and neutralizes stomach acid; this provides the optimum pH for digestive enzymes in the small intestine.
Bile is also an emulsifier and helps to break down fat by increasing the surface area of fat droplets so enzymes can work at a faster rate.

Effects of Liver Damage

Bile. If the liver is damaged, the stomach acid is not neutralised therefore food may be not be digested and absorbed into the blood, the person suffering from liver failure may loose weight.
Lactic acid. If the liver is damaged, a build up of lactic acid in muscle cells will cause cramps pain and muscle fatigue and damage any oxygen debt build up.
Amino Acids. If the liver is damaged Amino acids will accumulate in the body / blood lowering the blood pH. resulting denaturing proteins like hormones, antibodies and enzymes in the body.
Alcohol / Toxins . If the liver is damaged, toxins like alcohol will not be broken down resulting in the body cells being poisoned, causing pain, jaundice and a swollen liver.
Blood Glucose / Sugar levels. If the liver is damaged, It will result in hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar levels), hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar levels), diabetes and possibly coma and death.

4.6 Tissues and Organs in Plants Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that occurs in green plant cells, where energy from sunlight is used to make carbon dioxide and water join together to form glucose and oxygen.
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called stomata.
Water is absorbed through the roots and transported up the stem to the leaf in a tube called the Xylem.

4.6 Tissues and Organs in Plants Photosynthesis Formulas

word equation

\text{Carbon Dioxide} + \text{Water} \rightarrow \text{Glucose} + \text{Oxygen}

Symbol equation

6CO2 + 6H2O \rightarrow C6H{12}O6 + 6O2

Plant organs include

Flowers (containing reproductive tissue, anther, ovary and nectar forming tissue).
Roots (containing root Hair cells).
Leaves (containing Epidermis, Palisade Mesophyll, Spongy Mesophyll and Stomata tissue).
Stem (containing Xylem and Phloem tissue).

Adaptations of a Leaf

Waxy cuticle is a waterproof layer that stops the leaf losing too much water.
The palisade cells have lots of chloroplasts to absorb light energy to make photosynthesis happen.
Leaves have a large surface area, so they can absorb lots of light energy.
Cells in the leaf need to absorb carbon dioxide from the air; air gets into the leaf through holes in the bottom surface called stomata.
Guard cells can close the stomata at night to stop the leaf losing water.

Plant Organs and Specialized Cells

Root Hair cells:

Have a large surface area and so have a faster rate of absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
Root hair cells have no chloroplasts (because there is no sunlight under the soil).

Plant Organs and Specialized Cells Roots:

Help to hold the plant in place.
Absorb minerals and water.
Have special cells called root hair cells

Minerals required by plants

Minerals	Needed by plants
Magnesium	to make a chlorophyll molecule
Nitrates NO_3	to make amino acids and proteins
Phosphorus	to grow healthy (roots)

Absorption - Active Transport and in Plants

Minerals like nitrates and Mg are in a low concentration in the soil and a high concentration in the root hair cells.
The minerals move from low to high concentration by active transport and enter the cell.
The concentration in the root hair cell increases.
There is a low concentration outside the cell and a high concentration in the cell.

Active Transport in Plants

The Xylem is a long tube that carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Minerals are actively transported into the root hair cells;
This creates a high concentration so water follows by Osmosis; water then moves through the root to the xylem by diffusion through the cell walls and by osmosis from cell to cell towards the xylem.

Xylem Tissue Transpiration Stream

Xylem cells are dead, and the top and bottom of the cell have disappeared to forms a continuous tube for water to travel up, it is supported by hard rings of lignin to withstand the water pressure
The transpiration stream describes the movement of water from the roots to the leaves via the xylem; water will then evaporate from the surface of the leaves through the stomata.

The Phloem

Translocation is the transport of sucrose, up and down the phloem, it is different to the transpiration stream which is the movement of water.
Sucrose is used flower tissues to make nectar. Sucrose broken down into glucose for use in respiration by mitochondria in all plant cells. 4.8 / B4.9 Stomata and Transpiration.

Adaptations for Transport in the Pholem

The phloem is a tube made up of sieve cells and companion cells that transports sugars (sucrose) up and down the plant. Transport of sucrose is known as Translocation.

Stomata

Oxygen is waste gas made in photosynthesis; oxygen diffuses out of the stomata
Carbon dioxide is a gas needed by plant cells to make glucose in photosynthesis; carbon Dioxide diffuses into the leaf through the stomata.
Water is a liquid needed by the plant to make glucose during photosynthesis; lots of the water is lost through the stomata
At night the stomata close to prevent water loss
Guard cells open and close the stomata

Transpiration

Outside the leaves, there is a low concentration of water vapor, so water diffuses out of the leaves through the stomata.
This lowers the concentration in the air spaces in the leaf, so water evaporates from the mesophyll cells into the air spaces, which in turn pulls water up from the xylem tissue and the roots.
This constant movement of water molecules through the xylem from the roots to the leaves is known as the Transpiration stream.
Transpiration is the rate of water loss by evaporation through the stomata from the leaves of a plant.

Factors affecting Transpiration include:-

Wind speed.
Temperature.
Humidity.
Light intensity.

How to Stop Water Loss in Plants:-

The waxy cuticle prevents water loss from the upper and lower epidermis.
In hot environments, the waxy cuticle can be very thick and shiny.
Stomata are found to only on the lower side of the leaf; this reduces water loss from the leaf.
- Leaves wilting creates a smaller surface area and water loss;
- or close the stomata, which stops photosynthesis and risks the leaf overheating and enzymes denaturing however, it stops further water loss.

Adaptaions To Prevent Water Loss

Marram grass haas few stomata so there is less water loss; also have a smaller surface area, which reduces the area over which water can be lost over by evaporation, leaves are curled and have hairs which also traps an area of moist air close to the stomata which creates a smaller diffusion gradient and slows down evaporation and have a have a thick waxy cuticle on the leaves to stop evaporation.
A cactus is adapted for dry climates which has a thick, waxy cuticle reduces water loss; leaves are narrow spines with few stomata to reduce water loss and protect from predators

Measure Transpiration

Transpiration can be measured using a potometer
- A cut plant stem is sealed into the potometer using a rubber bung.
- This gives an indirect measurement of the rate of transpiration.

distance moved by bubble (mm) = time (min)
Transpiration is the rate of water loss by evaporation through the stomata from the leaves of a plant

What Affects Transpiration Light Intensity?

Because the stomata open to allow in carbon dioxide it increases the surface area that water can diffuse through, so the rate of transpiration increases.

What Affects Transpiration Humidity?

As humidity increases the rate of Transpiration, this decreases the concentration gradient so less water vapour diffuses creating a slower rate.

What Affects Transpiration Speed of Wind

As wind speed the wind blows water vapour close to the surface Away. the concentration gradent increases so the rate is faster.

What Affects Transpiration Temperature?

the particles in the vapour moves more, creating more kinetic energy so as temperature increases so does the rate.