effective communication

1. COMMUNICATION


Communication comes from the Latin word “communicare”

➡ means “to share” or “to make common.”


Two Main Types


Verbal Communication


  • Uses words to communicate.

  • Can be spoken or written.

  • Example: conversation, speech, text, email.


Non-verbal Communication


  • Communicates without using words.

  • Examples:

    • Body language – movements/posture of the body

    • Facial expression – shows emotions

    • Gestures – hand/body movements

    • Eye contact – shows attention, confidence, or interest

    • Tone of voice / Paralanguage – how the voice sounds, such as pitch, volume, and speed


🧠 Memory: Verbal = WORDS | Non-verbal = BODY + VOICE


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2. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION


Sender


➡ The person who sends or creates the message.


Message


➡ The information, idea, thought, or feeling being communicated.


Encoding


➡ The process of converting thoughts or ideas into words, symbols, or gestures.


Channel


➡ The medium or way the message is sent.

Examples: phone, email, chat, face-to-face.


Receiver


➡ The person who receives the message.


Decoding


➡ The process of interpreting or understanding the message.


Barrier


➡ Anything that blocks or interferes with understanding.


🧠 Easy order:

Sender → Encoding → Message → Channel → Receiver → Decoding

Barrier = humahadlang


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3. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION


1. Information Dissemination


➡ Sharing information or knowledge.


Example: Teacher giving announcements.


2. Control


➡ Guiding, directing, or regulating people’s behavior.


Example: School rules.


3. Motivation


➡ Encouraging or inspiring someone to do something.


Example: “Kaya mo ’yan!”


4. Social Interaction


➡ Building and maintaining relationships with others.


Example: Talking with friends.


5. Emotional Expression


➡ Expressing feelings and emotions.


Example: Saying “I’m happy” or showing sadness through facial expression.


🧠 Remember: I-C-M-S-E

Information – Control – Motivation – Social – Emotion


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4. INTRAPERSONAL & INTERPERSONAL


Intrapersonal Communication


➡ Communication within yourself.


Examples:


  • Thinking

  • Self-talk

  • Journaling

  • Reflecting on your feelings


Interpersonal Communication


➡ Communication between two or more people.


Examples:


  • Talking with a friend

  • Conversation with a teacher

  • Interview


🧠 Intra = IN yourself

Inter = BETWEEN people


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5. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION


➡ Communication where one person speaks to an audience.


Usually has:


  • Informative purpose – to give information

  • Persuasive purpose – to convince or influence


Example: Public speech, presentation, campaign speech.


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6. MASS COMMUNICATION


➡ Communication that reaches a large audience through mass media.


Examples:


  • Television

  • Radio

  • Newspapers

  • Websites

  • Social media


🧠 Public = speaker → audience

Mass = media → LARGE audience


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7. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE


1. Informative Speech


➡ Gives information or knowledge.


Example: Reporting about climate change.


2. Expository Speech


➡ Explains or describes a topic clearly and logically.


Example: Explaining how photosynthesis works.


3. Persuasive Speech


➡ Aims to convince or influence the audience.


Example: Convincing students to reduce plastic use.


4. Entertainment Speech


➡ Aims to amuse or entertain the audience.


Example: Funny storytelling or humorous speech.


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8. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY


1. Impromptu Speech


➡ Given without preparation or with very little preparation.


📌 Keyword: ON THE SPOT


Example: Teacher suddenly asks you to give a speech.


2. Extemporaneous Speech


➡ Prepared beforehand but delivered naturally using notes or an outline.


📌 Keyword: PREPARED BUT NOT MEMORIZED


3. Manuscript Speech


➡ The speech is written out completely and read word-for-word.


📌 Keyword: READ


⚠ Correction: Manuscript is not “memorize.”

If the speech is memorized and delivered from memory, that’s closer to a memorized speech.


4. Memorized Speech


➡ The entire speech is learned and delivered from memory.


📌 Keyword: MEMORIZE


🧠 I-E-M-M:

Impromptu = on the spot

Extemporaneous = prepared + notes

Manuscript = read

Memorized = memorize


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9. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO OCCASION


Ceremonial Speech


➡ Given during special events or ceremonies.


Examples:


  • Graduation

  • Awarding

  • Wedding

  • Birthday


Inspirational Speech


➡ Aims to encourage, motivate, or inspire people.


Example: Speech encouraging students to never give up.


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10. SPEECH STYLES


1. Intimate Style


➡ Used with people who are very close to you.


Examples:


  • Family

  • Best friends

  • Loved ones


📌 Keyword: CLOSE


2. Casual Style


➡ Used in everyday, relaxed conversations.


Examples:


  • Friends

  • Classmates

  • People you know


📌 Keyword: EVERYDAY


3. Consultative Style


➡ A semi-formal style commonly used when talking with someone who is not very close to you.


Examples:


  • Student talking to teacher

  • Customer talking to a professional

  • Patient talking to a doctor


📌 Keyword: SEMI-FORMAL


4. Formal Style


➡ Used in formal situations and usually follows proper language and structure.


Examples:


  • Formal presentations

  • Business meetings

  • Academic speeches


📌 Keyword: FORMAL


5. Frozen Style


➡ The most formal and fixed speech style. The words usually cannot be changed freely because the wording is established.


Examples:


  • Pledge

  • Prayers

  • Some legal or ceremonial texts


📌 Keyword: FIXED


🧠 Order:

Intimate → Casual → Consultative → Formal → Frozen

Close → Relaxed → Semi-formal → Formal → Fixed


⚠ Important correction: Formal speech is not necessarily one-way. A one-way communication situation is more associated with public communication, depending on the context.


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11. JOURNALING


What is Journaling?


➡ Journaling is the practice of writing down your thoughts, feelings, experiences, ideas, or reflections.


It is a form of intrapersonal communication because you are communicating with yourself.


Why do people journal?


  • To express feelings

  • To reflect on experiences

  • To organize thoughts

  • To record important events

  • To understand yourself better

  • To reduce mental clutter


Important Things in Journaling


Establish the Logistics

➡ Decide when, where, and how often you will journal.


Example: Writing every night before sleeping.


Gestures / Style / Method

➡ Choose the way you want to express yourself.


Examples:


  • Writing

  • Drawing

  • Lists

  • Prompts

  • Digital journaling


Secure Privacy & Boundaries

➡ Keep your journal private and protected and decide what personal information you are comfortable writing or sharing.


🧠 Journaling = WRITE → REFLECT → UNDERSTAND


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12. EMAIL COMMUNICATION 📧


1. Subject Line


➡ A short statement showing what the email is about.


✅ Good: Request for Grade 11 Schedule

❌ Bad: Hi


📌 Keyword: TOPIC


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2. Greeting


➡ The polite opening of the email.


Examples:


  • Dear Ma’am,

  • Dear Sir,

  • Good morning, Ma’am.


📌 Keyword: OPENING


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3. Clarity


➡ Make your message clear, direct, and easy to understand.


Avoid unnecessary words or confusing explanations.


📌 Keyword: CLEAR


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4. Mind Your Tone


➡ Use a polite, respectful, and appropriate tone.


Avoid:


  • Rude words

  • Excessive slang

  • ALL CAPS

  • Angry language


📌 Keyword: POLITE


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5. Grammar


➡ Use correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure.


📌 Keyword: CORRECT


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6. Closing


➡ The polite ending of your email.


Examples:


  • Thank you.

  • Sincerely,

  • Respectfully,


Then put your name.


📌 Keyword: ENDING


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7. Formatting


➡ Make the email organized and easy to read.


Tips:


  • Use short paragraphs.

  • Avoid huge blocks of text.

  • Use proper spacing.

  • Keep the format professional.

  • Make important information easy to find.


📌 Keyword: ORGANIZED