Geography Revision Flashcards

Ecosystems and Biomes

• Ecosystem: Living things in a place.

• Biome: Big ecosystem (like a rainforest).

• Environment: Where plants and animals live.

  • Non-living: Rocks, soil, air.

  • Living: Animals, plants.

• Biosphere: Earth with living things.

Key Terms

• Temperate: Mild climate.

• Deciduous: Trees that lose leaves.

• Taiga: Northern forest.

• Coniferous: Evergreen trees.

• Tundra: Cold, treeless land.

• Permafrost: Frozen ground.

• Inuit: Tundra people.

• Indigenous: Original people.

• Sustainable: Using resources wisely.

• Mediterranean: Hot, dry summers; mild winters.

• Xerophytes: Plants for dry places.

Key Concepts

• Ecosystems/Biomes: Living and non-living things together.

  • Biome: Area with certain species.

  • Biome: Many ecosystems.

  • Example: Ocean biome has reefs and kelp forests.

• Land Biomes: 9 types:

  • Temperate forest

  • Coniferous forest

  • Chaparral

  • Tundra

  • Grassland

  • Desert

  • Savanna

  • Tropical forest

  • Ocean

Temperate Forests

• Location: 40-60° from the equator.

• Rainfall: $500-1,500$$$500-1,500$$ mm.

• Temperatures: Above $0$$$0$$°C in winter; $25-20$$$25-20$$°C in summer.

• Trees: Oak, beech, elm.

• Layers: Shrubs, trees, ground plants.

Using Woodlands

• Wood for fuel.

• Recreation.

• Conservation.

Taiga Forest

• Evergreen trees.

Coniferous Tree Adaptations

• Thick bark: Protects.

• Cone shape: Handles snow.

• Pine cones: Protect seeds.

• Waxy needles: Save water.

• Evergreen: Sunlight all the time.

• Dense: Creates warmth.

• Shallow roots.

Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Key Words

• Aftershocks: Small quakes after.

• Cone: Hill around volcano.

• Composite Volcano: Steep, lava layers.

• Shield Volcano: Large, flat.

• Crater: Volcano top.

• Destructive Boundary: Plate melts.

• Epicentre: Quake start on surface.

• Fault: Rock split.

• Fissure: Crack in Earth.

• Focus: Quake start underground.

• Friction: Plates rubbing.

• Himalayas: Tallest mountains.

• Landslides: Material down a hill.

• Lahars: Mud from ash and rain.

• Lava: Hot rock above ground.

• Lithosphere: Crust and mantle.

• Magma Chamber: Melted rock.

• Magnitude: Quake energy.

• Montserrat: Island with volcano.

• Mudflow: Mud river.

• Plate Margins: Plates meet.

• Primary Effects: Happens first.

• Pyroclastic Flow: Hot gas and ash.

• Secondary Effects: Happens after.

• Tephra: Rock from volcano.

• Strain Energy: Rock pressure.

• Vent: Volcano opening.

• Vulcanologists: Volcano scientists.

• Ring of Fire: Volcano/quake area.

• Seismic Waves: Quake waves.

• 3 Ps: Predict, Plan, Prepare.

• Seismometer: Measures quakes.

• Richter Scale: Quake scale.

• Mercalli Scale: Damage scale.

• Subduction: Plate sinking.

• Tsunami: Big ocean wave.

Earthquakes

• Pressure releases energy.

Tsunamis

• Ocean quakes make big waves.

Monitoring Volcanoes

• Watch gases, shape, heat.

Restless Earth

Key Words

• Basalt: Ocean crust rock.

• Granite: Continent rock.

• Continental Crust: Continent rock ($30$$$30$$km).

• Convection Current: Heat in mantle.

• Convergent: Plates together.

• Conservative: Plates sliding.

• Continental Drift: Continents move.

• Crust: Earth's outer layer.

• Destructive: Plate sinks.

• Divergent: Plates apart.

• Fault: Rock split moving.

• Fissure: Crack in Earth.

• Focus: Quake starts.

• Fold Mountains: Squeezed mountains.

• Himalayas: Highest mountains.

• Inner Core: Earth's center ($6000$$$6000$$°C).

• Lava: Above ground rock.

• Lithosphere: Crust and mantle.

• Magma: Melted rock.

• Mantle: Under crust ($2830$$$2830$$km).

• Marianas Trench: Deepest trench.

• Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Underwater mountains.

• Nazca Plate: Ocean plate.

• Oceanic Crust: Ocean rock ($5$$$5$$km).

• Oceanic Ridge: Underwater range.

• Oceanic Trench: Deepest ocean.

• Outer Core: Liquid iron.

• Plate Tectonics: Moving plates.

• Plate Margins: Plates meet.

• Sedimentary: Layered rock.

• Igneous: Lava rock.

• Metamorphic: Changed rock.

Key Concepts

• Plates move from heat.

• Wegener: Continents move; explains similar fossils.

• Plate Boundaries: Quakes and volcanoes.

• Global Patterns: Events on plate edges.

Our Island Home

Key Words

• Upland: High land.

• Lowland: Low land.

• Glaciation: Ice shapes land.

• Weather: Daily atmosphere.

• Climate: Long-term atmosphere.

• Atmosphere: Gases around Earth.

• Temperate: Mild climate.

• Prevailing: Direction.

• Air Mass: Similar air.

• Immigrant: Enters country.

• Emigrant: Leaves country.

• Population Density: People per area.

• Primary: Raw materials.

• Secondary: Making things.

• Tertiary: Service jobs.

• Quaternary: Research.

Key Facts

• British Isles: Islands.

• United Kingdom: Countries.

• Great Britain: Land.

• UK Physical Features:

  • Upland: Scotland, England, Wales.

  • Lowland: The Wash.

• Population Density:

  • UK: $246$$$246$$ per $km^2$$$km^2$$.

  • UK denser than US, less than Bangladesh.

-Climate:

• Mild: Winds, latitude, altitude, sea.

-Immigration History:

• People came after ice age; brought farming. Romans, etc. Migrants from India, Africa, Europe, Asia.

  • Work Sectors:

• Primary: $1$$$1$$

• Secondary: $18$$$18$$

• Tertiary: $81$$$81$$

Map Skills

Key Words

• Compass Rose: Directions.

• Contour: Same height.

• Cross Section: Side view.

• Eastings: East lines.

• Environmental Geography: Study surroundings.

• Equator: Earth's middle.

• Geography: People and places.

• Grid References: Locate places.

• Human Geography: How we live.

• Latitude: N/S of equator.

• Longitude: E/W of Prime Meridian.

• Map: Drawing of area.

• Map Symbol: Picture on map.

• Meridians: Vertical lines.

• Northings: North lines.

• Oblique Photo: Angle photo.

• OS Map: Gov't map.

• Parallels: Lines around Earth.

• Physical Geography: Nature.

• Physical Map: Nature map.

• Plan: Drawing.

• Political Map: Boundaries.

• Prime Meridian: Zero longitude.

• Relief: Height differences.

• Satellite Imagery: Photos from space.

• Scale: Map vs real.

• Sketch Map: Simple map.

• Spot Height: Exact height.

• Vertical Photo: Straight down.

Key Concepts

• Geography: Physical, Human, Environment.

• Latitude/Longitude: Location