APES: Midterm Review
environmental science: human interaction with the earth and both the positive and negative effects of these interactions
ecology: the study of organism and environmental interactions
the higher the ph level the more: basic
H+ ion: +10 or -10
more OH- ions: bases
Canada, Japan, Monaco, Singapore, New Zealand: first world
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Bermuda, Cuba, Bahamas: third world
China, India, South Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Romania: third world
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Chad, Mozambique, Kenya, Mali: third world
Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Norway, Italy, Australia: first world
first world countries:
high industrialization level
high education level
high literacy rates
low IMR
low poverty rate
second world:
all moderate/medium
third world:
low industrialization level
low education rate
low literacy rate
high IMR
high poverty rate
primary consumer: The organisms that eat the producers
secondary consumer: organisms that receive their energy from primary consumers
1st trophic level: producer
2nd trophic: primary consumer
3rd trophic: secondary consumer
4th trophic: tertiary consumer
5th trophic: quarternary consumer
decomposers: no trophic level
food chain energy transfer: divide by ten as you get a higher trophic level
main form of p in the cycle: phosphate PO4
main form of n in the atmosphere: nitrogen gas NO2
C associated with acidic rain: CO2
associated with soil bacteria: nitrogen
place where carbonate is located: coral reef
guano deposits associated with this element: phosphorus
element associated with rocks: phosphorus
form of C found in the atmosphere: CO2
form of N usable by plants: NO3
ammonification reaction occurs in this stage: nitrogen
precipitation: water in form of rain, sleet, hail, or snow
infiltration: downward movement of water through soil
percolation: passage of a liquid through the spaces of a porous material such as soil
evaporation: conversion of a liquid into a gas
transpiration: the process by which plants lose water vapor through their leaves
condensation: water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, vapor to gas or liquid
native species: species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem
native species list of 12:
grey squirrel
white tail deer
red fox
blue jay
brown bear
racoon
grey wolf
cardinal
jack rabbit
cotton tail rabbit
american alligator
non-native species: species that migrate into an ecoystem or are introduced by humans
keystone species: crucial to the survival of environment
keystone species example: elephant and wolf
indicator species: species whose decline serves as early warnings that a community or ecoystem is being degraded (frog and bird)
generalist: species that can live anywhere and eat anything, wide range (deer and raccoon)
specialist: species with narrow ecological niche (panda and polar bear)
r-selected: species that have a capacity for high rate of population growth, many/small offspring, no parental care
k-selected: species that tend to produce small number of offspring with long life spans
intraspecific: competition between two organisms of the same species
interspecific: competition between two organisms of different species
predation: preying on another animal
parasitism: one benefits, ones harmed
mutualism: both benefits
commensalism: one benefits, ones neither harmed or helped
tropic: high temp
temperate: moderate temp
polar: low temp
forests: high precip
grassland: moderate precip
desert: low precip
estuary: enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river, mix of salt and freshwater
coral reef: tropic marine areas with colorful fishes
wetlands: land that is covered all or part of the time with saltwater or freshwater (open ocean) and absorbs and stores excess water
everglades: forest swamp with huge trees in tropical waters
mangrove swamps: swamps found on the coastlines in warm tropical climates
intertidal zone: low, sandy, narrow regions that form offshore
regulating services: These are the benefits that ecosystems provide in terms of regulating processes, such as climate regulation, water purification, and pest control.
cultural services: These are the non-material benefits that ecosystems provide, such as recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual values
provisional services: These are the products that ecosystems provide, such as food, water, and timber
supporting services: These are the services that ecosystems provide that support the other three categories, such as soil formation and nutrient cycling
tolerance: the ability of an ecosystem to withdraw any disturbance
disturbance: an event that will instigate the process of succession
primary succession: begins with bare rock, devoid of soil
secondary succession: begins in an area with some soil and vegetation
pioneer species: the first organisms to “colonize” a barren area
difference between weather and climate: short-term versus 30 years
as altitude increases: temp decreases
as latitude increases: precip. decreases
rain shadow effect involves: mountains
windward side is the: upwind side
leeward side is the: downwind side
hurricane: atlantic ocean
typhoon: pacific ocean
el nino: occurs when the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean becomes unusually warm
la nina: occurs when the ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific cool below normal
rule of 70: used to find growth rate 70/years
how many members of the population: double the population for the amount of years taken to double
Type I (late loss) - High survival in early life followed with a decline in older age
Type II (constant loss) - Constant mortality across all ages
Type III (early loss) - High mortality during early ages and very few survive to become older
j-curve: a trend that starts with a sharp drop and is followed by a dramatic rise (exponential growth)
s-curve: rapid exponential growth, then rate levels off reaching k(logistic growth curve)
undeveloped nation: a country with a low level of industrialization, low income per capita, poor infrastructure, and limited access to healthcare and education
developed nation: high level of industrialization, a high per capita income, advanced infrastructure, and a strong economy
rapid pop growth: guatemala, nigera, saudia arabia (3rd world)
zero pop growth: spain, austria, greece (2nd world)
slow pop growth: us, australia, canada (1st world)
negative pop growth: germany, bulgaria, sweden
pop. change equation: (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
expected pop. size: total pop x growth rate = answer, then add back into total pop
doubling time: 70/growth rate
density: population/area
area: x = area
population: area x density
the minimum pop size for a megacity: 10m
largest megacity: tokyo
how many megacities are their in the world: 33
in us there are how many megacities: 2
list 6 megacities:
tokyo
dehli
shanghai
beijing
mumbai
lagos
in 2024, what continent has the most megacities: asia
by 2100, the continent with the most megacities will be: africa
megacities will become: larger and numerous
Largest generation: Baby Boomer (1946-’64)
Second largest population: Millennial (Generation Y)
zoomers: gen z
gen alpha: youngest
what country has the lower IMR: monaco
what two factors indicate IMR: access to quality healthcare and maternal health conditions
high life expectancy of 87 in what two nations: san marino and monaco
life expectancy in us: 79
women: 82
men: 77
four incentives for 1 child policy: free medical care, preferential treatment, locally admistered,
what country had the first family planning program in 1952: India
the world pop is: 8.2 billion
natity: birth
name 6 of the 12 top nations:
india
china
usa
pakistan
japan
russia
nigeria
six most populated nations
india
china
us
Indonesia
pakistan
stage 1: preindustrial ( high birth rate/death rate, low population, 3rd world)
stage 2: transindustrial (high birth rate, decreasing death rate, increasing population)
stage 3: industrial (decreasing birth rate, steady death rate, rising population, 1st word)
stage 4: post industrial (decreasing birth rate, level off death rate, decreasing population)