Bio Practical

Know the main terms of the water cycle and what they are Evaporation Condensation Precipitation

What is Conservation Biology? The study of how to conserve species and communities and ecosystems over long periods of time

What are the main components of the water cycle? Precipitation and evaporation

How much of the water that reaches the atmosphere is from plant leaves (evapotranspiration)? 90%

What is evapotranspiration? the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.

What was the largest oil spill in history? The Deepwater Horizon oil spill

What river is know to be the reason that Cleveland businesses became infamous for their pollution? Cuyahoga River

What is the use of organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants? Bioremediation

What is coral bleaching? This is where ocean acidification (a decreace in the oceans pH) causes damage to corals and turns them white

How many species are lost every year due to the destruction of the tropical rainforest? 50,000

True or False: 20% of the worlds oxygen is produced from the tropical rainforest? True

How many acres of rainforest are lost every second 1.5

What is trophic ecology? The study of how energy moves through an exosystem

What is a producer? An organism that makes its own food

what is a consumer? An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

What is a food chain? A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

what is a primary consumer? An organism that eats producers

what is a secondary consumer? An organism that eats primary consumers

What is taxonomy? The method of defining and grouping organisms based on their similarities and differenced

What are the three domains? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms? Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

What is the order of taxonomy? Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is convergent evolution? process whereby two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because the occur in similar environments. Results in Analogous structures or character traits

What are analogous traits? features in organisms that evolved to serve the same function (convergent evolution) but are not from the same ancestor- the wings of bats, birds, and insects

what is homologous evolution? Traits or structures that are similar to each other because they derived from the same ancestral structure

What are the two main objectives of scientific classification?

1. To arrange or catalog organisms in a way which will make it easier for scientist to refer to them
2. to arrange organisms in a way that will demonstrate their relationship to one another

Who developed binomial nomenclature? Carolus Linnaeus

What is the Binomial system of Nomenclature? A system used to give an organism a two-word name using the genus and species from the taxonomic hierarchy

What is a dichotomous key? a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world. The key consists of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item

How to write a scientific name Genus: capitalized Species: lowercase both underlined and italicized

What is the scientific name of Humans? Homo sapiens (underlined)

What is phylogenics? The field of biology that deals with evolutionary relationships among organisms

What is a cladogram? A diagram that represents the relationships among a set of organisms called taxa.

What are cladistics? The use of measurable criteria to group organisms into clades within a cladogram

what are clades? A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

What is a monophyletic group? a common ancestor and all of its descendants

What is a paraphyletic group? an ancestral species and some of its descendants

What is a polyphyletic group? A group of species but NOT including the ancestor

What is an ingroup? the various species being studied

What is an outgroup? a taxon that is closely related to a monophyletic group, but not part of it

what is the item in the photo? Character table

What is parsimony? The simplest explanation or fewest evolutionary steps

What is evolution? the genetic change in a population over time

What is adaptation? The processes and structures by which organisms adjust to short-term or long-term changes in their environment

What is genetic drift? The random change in a populations allele frequencies from one generation to the next that is attributable to change. It occurs quickly in small populations

What are mutations? heritable changes in genetic material. Could be due to a deletion, substitution, duplication, or insertion

Who is Charles Darwin? Father of evolution

What is natural selection? The primary mechanism of evolutionary change producing adaptation of organisms to their environment. It is based on two main factors:

1. variation within a given species
2. forces of nature that are termed natural selection

What is competition? the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources. A population produces more offspring than can survive

What is an example from the lecture of competition? siblicide in birds

what is variation? traits within a population

What is heritability? the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

what is differential variation? individuals with favorable traits leave behind more offspring (strong survive)

What are the four considerations of natural selection? Competition variation heritability differential reproduction

What are the 5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1. A large population
2. Random mating
3. No mutations
4. No migration
5. No natural selection

what are the four mechanisms of evolution?

1. Mutation
2. Adaptation
3. Genetic Drift
4. Natural Selection

What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem? Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool remain constant over generations

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation? p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

What does q in the Hardy Weinberg equation represent? The recessive allele

What does the "p" in the Hardy-Weinberg equation represent? the dominant allele

What part of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represents the frequency of aa (recessive)? q^2

What part of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represents the frequency of AA (homozygous dominant) ? p^2

What part of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represents the frequency of Aa (Heterozygous)? 2pq

There is a population of mice in which 70% of the population carry the dominant allele for black fur, and 30% carry the recessive allele for white fur. Based on this information, what will be the genotypic frequencies from generation to generation, provided that alleles p and q remain in genetic equilibrium? Homozygous dominant: AA=(0.7)(0.7)= 0.49

Heterozygous: Aa: 2(0.7)(0.3)=0.42

Homozygous recessive: aa= (0.3)(0.3)= 0.09

what is genetic fixation? When every individual of a population has the same allele for a gene

What is the bottleneck effect? A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

What is the founder effect? the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

What are prokaryotes? unicellular organisms that lack membrane enclosed organelles and an membrane enclosed nucleus. These are the smallest and most abundant organisms on earth.

Where can prokaryotes be found? everywhere

what are the two main branches of prokaryote evolution? Bacteria and Archaea

What is Domain Archaea? Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions

What distinguishes domain Archaea from other prokaryotes? their unique ribosomal (rRNA) sequences growth is not inhibited by some antibiotics affecting protein synthesis several kinds of complex RNA polymerases, similar to eukaryotes some genes have introns have DNA-associated Histones

What are extremophiles? organisms that grow under extreme conditions

Do prokaryotes have peptidoglycan in their cell walls? No

Does bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls? Yes

What distinguishes Domain Bacteria from other prokaryotes? Peptidoglucan in their cell walls growth is inhibited by some antibiotics tht affect protein sysnthesis No DNA associated histones some rRNA sequences unique to bacteria 1 kind of RNA polymerase No introns

What is flagella? Long, thin whip-like structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings

What are the three most common prokaryotic cell shapes?

1. Cocci
2. Bacillis
3. spirila

what prokaryotic cell shape is depicted in the photo? Cocci

what prokaryotic cell shape is depicted in the photo? Bacillis

what prokaryotic cell shape is depicted in the photo? Spirilia

What is a gram stain used for? classify bacteria by cell wall composition

What is gram positive bacteria? type of bacteria that stain purple with Gram stain and have a thick cell wall without an outer membrane

What is gram negative bacteria? Turns red or pink, can't be stained, thin layer of peptidoglycan

What are the steps to gram staining Fixation Crystal Violet Iodine decolorizer Safranin Counter stain Safranin

What is enriched media? Formulated with all the necessary ingredients for a wide variety of organisms

What is selective media? formulated with all the necessary ingredients that inhibit the growth of some bacteria

What is differential media? Includes ingredients, such as chemical indicators, that produce observable differences between species of bacteria

What are examples of enriched media? Blood agar, Tryptic soy agar (TSA), and nutrient agar (NA)

What are examples of selective media? Eosin methylene blue (EMB) MacConkey agar (MAC)

what is an example of differential media? Salt mannitol MacConkey agar (MAC)

What is TSA? Tryptic soy agar (TSA): artificial growth medium that provides adequate nutrient and growth conditions for microbes

What is Salt Mannitol? A media that selects for salt tolerant organisms. Organisms that can use mannitol create acidic by-products which lowers the pH and changes the medium from red to yellow

what is EMB? Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, a selective medium that detects fecal coliform bacteria

What is MacConkey agar? Selective differential for enterobacteria. Has a little lactose in it. The pH indicator will turn from orange to pink, indicating lactose fermentation.

What are protists? eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms

What are the 4 supergroups of protists?

1. Excavata
2. SAR
3. Archaeplastida
4. Unikonta

What are the three clades in the supergroup Excavata?

1. Diplomonads
2. Parabasalids
3. Euglenozoans

What makes Excavata unique? each organisms has an "excavated" grove on one side of the cell body used during feeding

What are mitosomes? modified mitochondria in diplomonads

The members of the clade Diplomonads (supergroup excavata) all have what in common? Multiple flagella and 2 nuclei per cell

What is a parabasal body? A large modified golgi. The source of the name of Clade Parabasalids

What clade in supergroup excavata have multiple flagella and can be found in the gut of many insects? Parabasalids

Which clade in supergroup excavata is diverse and includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and parasites? Euglenozoans

What clade and supergroup does Trichomonas vaginalis belong to? Clade: Parabasilids Supergroup: Excavata

This supergroup may have originated by an ancient secondary endosymbiosis SAR

What clades (that we included in our class) can be found in supergroup SAR ? Stramenopiles Aveolates Rhizarians

What is diatomaceous earth? The diatom's glass-like cell walls that collects at the bottom of the ocean floor.

What are diatoms? unicellular algae with 2-part silica cell walls that confer a variety of ornate shapes

what clade can diatoms be found in? Stramenopiles

What are dinoflagellates? unicellular algae surrounded by stiff plates that look like a suit of armor.

What is a red tide? A dinoflagellate population explosion. Release neurotoxins into water.

What clade and supergroup do dinoflagellates belong to? Clade: Alveolates Supergroup: SAR

what bioluminescent organism is responsible for the florescent glow in the ocean at night when waves or boats disturb the water? Dinoflagellates

What are ciliates? protists that move using cilia

What are cilia? tiny hair-like projections used to move a cell or to move things past a cell

What is a paramecium? a protist with cilia and two types of nuclei

What is brown algae? kelp

What is the largest and most complex algae? brown algae

What is a blade on brown algae? the leaf-like structure

What is a stipe on brown algae? stem-like structure

What is a holdfast in brown algae? a root-like structure

what is a float in brown algae? a structure to make sure it stays upright

What items commonly use brown algae? Commercial ice cream, toothpaste, pudding, and other food products

what is algin? A substance produced by brown algae used to thicken foods.

What is the clade and supergroup of Brown algae? Clade: Alveolates supergroup: SAR

What is a pseudopodia? Extensions of cytoplasm and plasma membrane (cell membrane) that allow for movement and feeding

What are radiolarians? Radiolarians are tiny, animal-like, glassy silica-based organisms that look pointed.

What clade and supergroup are radiolarians in? Clade: Rhizarian Supergroup: SAR

What are foraminifera? marine planktonic (freely floating) or benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms that secrete a shell-like test (a outer covering) made up of chambers.

What clade is in Supergroup Unikonta that we looked at for this lab? Amoebozoans

What is phagocytosis? the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

What are slime molds? amoeba like cells that can group into a colony

What is plasmodium? protozoan that causes malaria and destroys red blood cells

What are fruiting bodies? they are the spore-producing organ of a fungus

What are the three types of green algae viewed in the lab? Spirogyra Ulva Chara

What are absorptive heterotrophs? These organisms obtain their nutrients by digesting their food outside their bodies by secreting enzymes across the cell wall and absorb the digestion products into their cells

What are fungal cell walls composed of? chitin

What is mycelium? mass of hyphae

What are sporocarps? A complex fruiting body where fungal spores are produced

What is mycorrhizae? mutualistic associations of fungi and roots

What are lichens? symbiotic association of algae and fungi

what are some examples of parasitic fungi? athletes foot ringworm potato blight wheat rust ergot

What are zoospores? flagellated spores found in chytrids

what four phyla of fungi did we investigate in lab? Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota.

What is the most ancient group of fungi? chytrids

What phylum of fungi are mostly aquatic and have flagellated spores? Chytridomycota

what is a septa? A wall that often forms inside the hyphae that separates the hyphae into different sections

what phylum of fungi lack septas? Zygomycota

what are zygospores? thick-walled spores that can withstand unfavorable conditions

what are saprobes? organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter

What is Rhizopus? bread mold

What phylum does Rhizopus belong to? Zygomycota

What phylum are sac fungi? Ascomycota

What are ascocarps? fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

What are asci? sac-like structures that produce eight spores

What are ascospores? Spores from ascomycetes

What are cup fungi? Fungi in the phylum Ascomycota which bear asci within a "cup"

What phylum has a long-lived mycelium stage? Basidiomycota (Club fungi)

What is a basidiocarp? fruiting body (mushroom)

what are basidiospores? They are sexual haploid spores produced by externally on a club shaped basidium

What is the stipe? stem-like structure

What is the pileus of a mushroom? the cap

What forms on the gills of fungi? Spores

What are the different types of Lichens? Fruiticose folios crustose

What is a fruiticose lichen? A lichen that looks like miniature shrubs

What is a crustose lichen? a lichen that looks like crust on tree bark

what is a folios lichen? A lichen that looks like leaf material on bark

What advantages are there in fungi growing in complex networks? They are able to maximize surface area, therefor increasing their ability to absorb nutrients

What waxy substance covers the plant body to prevent desiccation (drying out), but also inhibits gas exchange? cuticle

What is the stomata? Small holes in a leaf that allow gas exchange to occur

what are the two types of vascular tissue? Xylem and Phloem

What is vascular tissue? plant tissue that transports nutrients and water throughout a plant (xylem and phloem)

What is xylem? vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

What is phloem? the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

What is Alteration of generations? The change in a plant life cycle from a haploid gametophyte to a diploid sporophyte

What is the gametophyte phase? Haploid phase where gametes are produced EX: moss

what is the sporophyte phase? Diploid phase where spores, seeds, and embryos are produced. EX: fern and flowering plants

Are spores haploid or diploid? haploid

What is a gametophyte? the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises

What are seedless plants? plants that reproduce using spores

What are the three divisions of bryophytes? (bryophyta) mosses, (Hepatophyta) liverworts, (Anthrocerophyta) hornworts

What do bryophytes typically lack? Vascular tissue

What phase is dominant in Bryophytes? gametophyte

What are the consequences of bryophytes being non-vascular? They must remain in moist habitats and have never attained the size and ecological importance of other groups of plants

what is a thallus? a plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system

What are hydroids? primitive precursors to vascular cells found in mosses

What are rhizoids? Root like structures of mosses that anchor them to rocks

What phylum do Horsetails, whisk ferns, and true ferns belong to? Pteridophyta

What is a prothallus? The heart-shaped gametophyte generation in ferns

What is the organism in the photo? horsetail

what is a sori? clusters of sporangia in ferns and fungi

What is a rhizome? the underground stem of a fern

What is a fiddlehead? curled tip where growth occurs in ferns

Are pteridophytes gametophyte or sporophyte dominant? Sporophyte