AP Human Geography Review

Map Projections: Distortions in shape, area, distance, or direction. Example: Mercator projection preserves shape but distorts area.
Map Types: Reference maps (general features, toponyms) and thematic maps (tell a story with data).
Data Types: Qualitative (descriptive, subjective) and quantitative (numerical, objective).
Geospatial Technologies: GIS (data layering), remote sensing (data collection from distance), GPS (location tracking).
Scale: Understanding map scale affects data representation; generalizations vary with scale.
Human-Environment Interaction: Environmental determinism (environment shapes society) vs. possibilism (people adapt to environment).
Regions: Formal (specified characteristics), functional (centered on a node), perceptual (based on opinions).

Population Distribution vs. Density: Distribution refers to the spread, density measures how many are in an area.
Population Densities: Arithmetic, physiological (pressure on arable land), and agricultural (farmers per land).
Population Pyramids: Show age and sex distribution; interpret stages of demographic transition.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Stages from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates, impacting society's structure.
Role of Women: Access to education/work lowers birth rates and improves health standards.
Migration Factors: Push and pull influences; types of migration (internal, international, forced, voluntary).

Definitions: Material culture (physical objects) vs. non-material culture (values, beliefs).
Folk vs. Popular Culture: Folk is traditional, localized; popular is widespread, individualistic.
Cultural Landscape: Human modifications display cultural evidence (sequent occupancy).
Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces: Forces unifying vs. dividing societal cohesion.
Diffusion Types: Relocation and expansion (contagious, hierarchical, stimulus).
Religions: Universalizing (spread globally) vs. ethnic religions (specific groups).

States vs. Nations: States have sovereign governance; nations are groups desiring self-determination.
Colonialism vs. Imperialism: Control over territories vs. economic/political power without settlements.
Territoriality: Control over geographic areas, crucial in international relations.
Choke Points: Strategic locations influencing power dynamics.
Boundary Types: Define various types of borders (subsequent, consequent, maritime) and their implications on governance.

Agriculture Types: Intensive (high labor, near populations) vs. extensive (lower inputs, farther from cities).
Agricultural Hearths: Historical beginnings of agriculture, diffusing globally.
Revolutions: First Agricultural (Neolithic), Second Agricultural (industrial independence), and Green Revolutions (technological impact).
Sustainable Practices: Encourage community farms, organic farming.

Urbanization: Movement to cities and the rise of suburbs; challenges like urban sprawl.
Urban Hierarchy: World cities vs. mega cities; rank size rule significance.
Gravity Model & Central Place Theory: Factors predicting city interactions and service locations based on distance.
Urban Models: Understand spatial organization (Concentric Zone Model, Sector Model, etc.).
Sustainable Development: Strategies like mixed land use, transit-oriented development.

Industrial Revolution: Transition to industrial economies; impacts on demographics and colonialism.
Economic Activity Sectors: Primary (resources extraction), Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (services).
Development Theories: Rostow's Stages, Dependency Theory, World Systems Theory.
Globalization & Trade: Trade dynamics influenced by comparative advantages; impacts of neoliberal policies.
Sustainable Development Goals: Commitment to balancing present needs with future requirements through ecological practices.

Review concepts through practice tests.
Focus primarily on understanding the theories and models, not just memorization of terms.
Utilize resources like study packets and exam tools offered in the review materials.