Fields Involved: It combines anatomy, physiology, physics, and geometry to understand human movement.
Principles Utilized: Kinesiology applies principles of mechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.
Biomechanics: Mechanical principles applied to the human body.
Interaction: Considers the interaction with implements like balls, rackets, crutches, or prostheses.
Systems: Includes static (nonmoving) and dynamic (moving) systems related to activities.
Dynamic Systems:
Kinetics: Forces causing movement.
Kinematics: Time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system.
Structural Kinesiology
Definition: The study of muscles, bones, and joints involved in the science of movement.
Enhancement: Uses physiological and mechanical principles to enhance the understanding of body structures.
Examples:
Bones vary in size and shape, affecting the amount and type of movement at joints.
Joints vary in structure and function.
Muscles vary in size, shape, and structure.
Physical Therapist Understanding: Physical therapists should understand large muscle groups to teach strengthening, improvement, and maintenance of optimal body function.
Exercise Programs: Knowledge forms the basis of exercise programs to strengthen and maintain muscles; larger primary movers often involve smaller muscles, but detailed programs may be needed for specific muscles.
Reference Positions
Importance: Crucial for understanding the musculoskeletal system, planes of motion, joint classification, and joint movement terminology.
Two Reference Positions:
Anatomical Position:
Widely used and accurate for all body aspects.
Subject stands upright, facing straight ahead.
Feet are parallel and close, with palms facing forward.
Fundamental Position:
Similar to the anatomical position.
Arms are at the sides with palms facing the body.
Anatomical Directional Terminology
Anterior: In front or in the front part (e.g., Anteroinferior, Anteromedial, Anteroposterior, Anterosuperior).
Bilateral: Relating to the right and left sides of the body or a body structure.
Contralateral: Pertaining to the opposite side.
Deep: Beneath or below the surface; describes relative depth of muscles or tissue.
Distal: Away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin.
Dorsal (Dorsum): Relating to the back, near or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface; also relating to the top of the foot.
Inferior (Infra): Below in relation to another structure.
Ipsilateral: On the same side.
Lateral: On or to the side.
Medial: Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane.
Palmar: Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand.
Plantar: Relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot.
Posterior: Behind, in back, or in the rear (e.g., Posteroinferior: Behind or in back and below).
Prone: Face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach.
Proximal: Nearest the trunk or the point of origin.
Superficial: Near the surface; describes relative depth of muscles or tissue.
Superior (Supra): Above in relation to another structure; higher.
Supine: Face-upward position of the body; lying on the back.
Volar: Relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot.
Alignment Variation Terminology
Kyphosis: Increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane.
Lordosis: Increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane.
Recurvatum: Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension.
Scoliosis: Lateral curving of the spine.
Valgus: Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees.
Varus: Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bow-legs.
Types of Motion
Linear Motion: Also called translatory motion; occurs in a straight line from one location to another.
All parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.
Rectilinear Motion: Movement in a straight line.
Curvilinear Motion: Movement in a curved path.
Angular Motion: Also known as rotary motion; movement of an object about a fixed point.
All parts of the object move through the same angle, in the same direction, and at the same time, but not the same distance.
Example: When a person flexes the elbow, the hand travels farther than the wrist or forearm.
Examples Combining Motions:
A person in a wheelchair moving across a room exhibits linear motion, while joints like shoulders, elbows, and wrists rotate (angular motion).
Walking involves linear motion of the whole body with angular motion at the hips, knees, and ankles.
Throwing a ball: The ball travels in a curvilinear path due to the angular movement of the upper extremity joints.
Body Regions
Divisions: The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions.
Subregions: Further divided into subregions like cephalic, cervical, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
Skeletal System -- Composition of Bone
Bones as Organs: Bones are considered organs because they comprise fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, and vascular tissues, functioning as integral parts of the skeletal system.
Composition: Bone is made up of one-third organic (living) material and two-thirds inorganic (nonliving) material.
Organic Material: Provides elasticity.
Inorganic Material: Provides hardness and strength, making bone opaque on X-rays.