Bio I Final

Independent Variable- variable that is changed or controlled, found on the x-axis

Dependent Variable- variable that depends on the independent, found on the y-axis

Controlled Variable- a variable that is held constant throughout the experiment

Prokaryotic cells- organisms of the domain Bacteria and Archaea, no nucleus, DNA is unbound, Nucleoid

Eukaryotic cells- protists, fungi, animals and plants, DNA in a nucleus by a double bound membrane, membrane bound organelles, generally larger

Protons- positively charged, found in the nucleus

Electrons- negatively charged, found in the electron cloud

Neutrons- neutral, found in the nucleus

Valence electrons- electrons in the valence shell, determine chemical behavior

Covalent Bonds- atoms in molecules that attract to varying degree, strongest bond

Nonpolar covalent bonds- electrons are shared equally

Polar covalent bonds- one atom is more electronegative, electrons not shared equally, bonding in water molecule

Ionic bonds- Atoms may strip electrons from bonding partners

Hydrogen bond- Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom, weakest bond, joins water molecules together, allows water to have a high surface tension, makes water the universal solvent

Why is water polar? Due to the bent shape of the molecule and partial charge

Specific heat- heat a substance must absorb or lose 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 C, generally cools climates of areas, capable due to its hydrogen bonding

4 most abundant elements on Earth? Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon