VETS 302 Exam 1 Study Guide
List components of patient evaluation used by a veterinarian with a non-verbal animal patient.
History from owner
Physical examination on the patient
Initiate appropriate diagnostics
Definitions –
Disease- illness, sickness- interruption of normal bodily functions
Etiology- the cause of a disease
Pathogen- any virus, microorganism, or bacteria that causes disease
Pathogenesis- course of development of a disease
Pathology- the study (logos) of suffering (pathos), or disease
Gross path- the study of organs and tissues in situ (“as they sit”)
Histopathology- study of microscopic anatomy, structure & function of tissues (normal or diseased)
Clin path- he study of samples to detect a disease Hematology, Cytology, Serum chemistries, Fecal exams, Microbiology cultures, Virology, Mycology
In vivo- in the body
In vitro- outside of the body in ‘glass’/petri dish
Homeostasis- maintenance of physiological conditions in a living system
Atrophy- reduction in the size of a tissue or organ- Decrease in the number or size of cells, or a combination of both
Hypertrophy- increase in the size of an organ- Increase in size (not number) of the individual cells
Hyperplasia- increase in the size of an organ- Increase in the number of cells (not size) in that organ
Degeneration- reversible cell injury
Necrosis- cell death from damge to organelles or membranes
Apoptosis- programmed cell death in which the cell actively participates
Lipidosis- accumulation of lipids inside the cell
Hypoxia- decreased oxygen at the tissue level
Ischemia- interruption of blood supply to the tissue
Erythema- redness, inflammation
Cranial- towards the head of a quadruped
Caudal- towards the tail of a quadruped
Dorsal- towards the back of a quadruped
Ventral- towards the abdomen of a quadurped
Focal- occur at one location in an organ or place on the body
Multifocal- occur at multiple areas in an organ or place in the body
Patient history – Are the following “normal, decreased, increased”? Behavior: Aggressive, docile, Sleeping pattern activity level. Diet. Appetite. Water Intake. Urination: Frequency, volume, color, clarity, odor, blood. Bowel movements: (increased volume or fluidity), too firm, mucous, blood.
Patient physical exam – Posture: Watch Them Walk, run, sit, jump. Skin: Color, texture, smell, pruritus, masses, abrasions, hemorrhage. Body temperature: Different normal temperatures for different species. Mucous Membrane color. Respiratory Rate. Heart Rate
Tissue discharges –
Serous- clear + watery (usually glandular secretion)
Mucous- clear + viscous
Purulent- cloudy +/- watery
Mucopurulent- cloudy + viscous
Hemorrhagic- red blood/hemorrage
Diagnosis –
Clinical signs/symptoms + history
Physical- made using physical techniques, Palpation, auscultation, percussion, inspection
Differential Diagnosis – other diseases with the same symptoms
Laboratory Diagnosis – use of chemical, microscopic, bacterial, cytological, & hematological techniques
Pathologic Diagnosis – the study of lesions (abnormalities) tissues/organs
Final diagnosis – evaluation of all information: History, PE, Clinical signs, Diagnostics, Laboratory/pathology findings
DAMNIIIT diagnostic method – define this acronym
D- Developmental or degenerative defect - Genetic or idiopathic - hip dysplasia
A- Anatomic - Broken bone or displaced stomach
M- Metabolic, nutritional, toxic - Diabetes, ethylene glycol poisoning
N- Neoplasia - Tumor, cancer
I- Infectious - Bacteria, virus, parasites, fungi, rickettsial, mycoplasma, prions
I- Immune-Mediated – Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, amyloidosis, lupus
I- Iatrogenic – human-induced
T- Trauma - Mechanical injury to tissues
Population medicine/pathology
Incidence- numbers of cases of a disease in a population
Incidence rate- number of new cases over a period of time
Sporadic- irregular, infrequent intervals
Endemic- regular low levels in a population
Epidemic- sudden increase in the incidence rate
Morbidity- ratio; Number of diseased to healthy individuals in a group/population
Mortality- ratio: number of dead in a group of exposed individuals
Disease Vocabulary
Infectious - caused by microorganisms- (bacteria, fungi, viruses, prions)
Communicable - transmissible between animals
Non Communicable - non-transmissible between animals
Zoonotic - transmissible to man
Host - individual that is infected
Incubation period - the time between exposure and development of clinical signs
Period of communicability - period of time the animal is capable of transmitting disease
Latent infection - the animal is infected but the organism is undetectable by current methods of detection and no clinical signs are apparent
Reservoir - a place where an infectious agent lives and multiplies in nature
Source - place where an organism came from; Example: parvovirus - reservoir = dog; The source could be another dog, clothes, shoes, environment, etc.
Carriers - harbor infection in the absence of disease
Convalescent carriers - an individual who transmits disease after recovery
Subclinical carriers - the individual is asymptomatic but transmits a disease; Subclinical carriers likely were infected and have immunity
Chronic carriers - persistently infected animals; Transmit disease for years to life; May be asymptomatic or “clinical”
Disease onset/duration
Peracute- 0-12 hours after exposure; sudden onset
Acute- 12-24 hours; symptoms are showing quickly
Subacute- 24 hours-2-3 weeks; symptoms aren’t showing or are delayed
Chronic- >2 weeks
Disease transmission methods
Direct transmission- animal to animal
Indirect transmission- animal to object or another organmism to another animals
Horizontal transmission- animal-to-animal transmission, by direct or indirects contact
Vertical transmission- direct transmission from parent to offspring
Direct contact- contact with infected material
Fomite- inanimate objects that carry infections from disease source to individual
Vector- other organisms transmit disease
Air-borne- disease in the air you breathe
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by the immune system to identify antigens
What are antigens?
substances that trigger the immune response
How do mammals acquire antibodies?
Secreted in dams milk shortly after birth
What is colostrum?
First form of breastmilk that is nutrient dense and high in antibodies
What is a vaccine?
Train your immune system to create antibodies by containing killed or weakened viruses bacteria
What is a modified live vaccine? Killed vaccine? How do each work in a mammalian system?
A virus that is passed through another host, rendering it non-virulence. Memory cells are stimulated, and more closely mimics an infection with the ‘real virus’
Killed vaccines have higher levels of adjuvant in vaccine than does MLV vaccine
What are the attributes of a successful vaccine?
Given at the correct age, interval, temperature, before exposure to infectious agent, has no maternal antibody interference, correct route of administration, and given the right strain of organism.
What is the function of the immune system?
To defend the body against infectious agents
What is innate immunity? How is it acquired?
Requires no previous exposure to the agent and is ready to defend at any time. It is acquired by passive transfer of antibodies from adequate plane of nutrition and intake of colostrum
What is adaptive immunity? How is it acquired?
Target specific invaders and required previous exposure to the offending agent. Cell mediated immunity from T lymphocytes and antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
How are these 2 types of immunity different?
List the parts of the innate immune system found in/on a normal animal.
Skin
Nares nasal turbinates
Saliva
Gastrointestinal secretions
Cells of the body (macrophages and neutrophils)
List the BASIC characteristics of each of the following: origin, life span, main function.
Immunoglobulins – this will be a matching section
IgG - Main mammalian serum immunoglobulin
Y-shaped
IgM - second highest concentration in mammalian serum
structurally consists of five sub-units
IgA - main secretory immunoglobulin
provides protection at the body’s surface (mucous membranes)
IgE - mediator of hypersensitivity reaction
provides parasitic immunity
binds strongly to mast cells and basophils
IgD - very small amount in serum
found on the surface of lymphocytes
acts as a receptor for antigen
Define inflammation.
Release of vasoactive amines and production of cytokines
Identify signs of inflammation.
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Loss of function
What is histamine?
Dilated most capillaries and venules
Constricts some specific vessels
Causes smooth muscle contraction
Types of hypersensitivity reactions – this will be a matching section
Type I - immediate
Mast cell degranulates after contact with antigen
Initiates immune response = inflammation
Type II - cytotoxic = Cell destruction
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Antibody or antibody-complement
Initiates immune response = inflammation
Type III - immune-complex
Antigen + antibody complexes deposit in tissues
Neutrophils are drawn to the site
Initiates immune response = inflammation
Type IV - delayed
Sensitized T cells bind with antigen
Mononuclear cells are drawn to the site
Initiates immune response = inflammation
VETS 302 Exam 1 Study Guide – Respiratory System
List the functions of a normal respiratory system
Removal of particles from inspired air
Adjust temperature and humidity of inspired air
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and exchange*
Metabolism of compounds
Clara cells in bronchial lining detoxify foreign substances
Xenobiotics
Protection from foreign invaders
Mucociliary escalator
Alveolar macrophages
Bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
Filter
Largest capillary network in the body
Destroys hematogenous emboli
List the pathway of air/particulates through the respiratory system after it enters the body.
External nose
Nasal vestibules
Choana
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
List the pathway through the tracheobronchial tree?
Primary bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
How does epistaxis occur?
Trauma
Lung abscess
Vena caval thrombosis
Foreign body
Tooth abscess
What organism causes Calf Diphtheria?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
List clinical signs associated with Calf Diphtheria.
Cough
Fever
Dysphagia (difficulty eating)
Inspiratory dyspnea
Asphyxiation
Bronchopneumonia - mucopurulent necrotic discharge enters the respiratory system
What is the etiology of roaring in horses?
Guttural pouch inflammation or infection
Retropharyngeal lymph node inflammation
Neck injury
Neoplasia
Idiopathic
What is the guttural pouch?
Laryngeal nerve in close proximity to the floor of the guttural pouch
Vocabulary:
Stridor- noisy high-pitched inspiration
Idiopathic- a disease of an unknown cause
Dysphagia- difficulty swallowing
Dyspnea- difficulty breathing
Orthopnea- shortness of breath when lying down
Asphyxiation- oxygen deprived (suffocation)
Sinusitis- inflammation of the sinuses
Competitive exclusion- species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values
Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchioles
Bronchiectasis- enlargement of the bronchioles
Pulmonary edema- fluid in the lungs
Alveolar edema - fluid in the alveolus
Atelectasis- failure of the alveoli to expand with air (collapsed lung)
Suggest etiologies for pneumonia in cattle.
Weaning
Transport
New environment
Overcrowding
Bad ventilation/poor air quality
Poor nutrition/not eating/drinking
Parasite load
Introduction of new individuals
Environmental temperature extremes
Microbe infection
Shipping fever complex
What is the etiology of shipping fever complex in livestock?
Most often caused by Pasteurella hemolytica
P. multocida and Haemophilus somnus may also contribute to the disease
How does stress contribute to respiratory disease/shipping fever complex?
Stress initiates the disease process
Transport/exhaust fumes
Commingling with cattle carrying different infectious agents
Decreased appetite and water consumption
How do viruses contribute to respiratory disease/shipping fever complex?
Pathogens colonize in the lower respiratory tract
List methods to prevent shipping fever complex. How might a farmer most effectively protect calves sent to the feedlots?
Vaccinate
Good nutrition
Deworm/Control ectoparasites
Adequate water supply for confined cattle
Precondition calves
Lower stress levels
Prevent crowding
Minimize length of transport
Ventilation/temperature - Provide shade
Diseases and pathogens that cause them – there will be a matching section on these!!
More information on specific pathogens:
IBR – Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Cause – bovine herpes virus -1
Transmission – direct contact
Clinical signs –
Fever
Decreased appetite
Increased salivation
Coughing, nasal discharge
Difficulty breathing
Teary, inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
“Red nose" with pustules
Abortions - up to 100 days after respiratory signs appear
Diagnosis –
Clinical signs + initial physical exam
Blood sample – paired samples
Necropsy findings
Treatment – no direct treatment
Prevention –
Vaccination
Biosecurity
PI-3 – Parainfluenza virus type 3
Cause – RNA virus- Paramyxovirus
Transmission – direct contact
Clinical signs –
fever
nasal and eye discharge
increased respiratory rates
coughing
Most infections of just PI-3 are usually not significant
Diagnosis – Disease caused by this virus alone is difficult to recognize in most animals
Treatment – no specific treatment
Prevention –
Vaccination
Biosecurity
BRSV – Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Cause – virus from the paramyxovirus family
Transmission – direct transmisstion
Clinical signs –
Fever (usually high)
Lethargic, off-feed
Increased respiratory rates
Nasal/ocular discharge
Difficulty breathing
Respiratory signs - young animals
Unresponsive to treatment
Diagnosis –
Blood samples
Necropsy
Treatment – no specific treatment
Prevention –
Vaccination
Biosecurity
Enzootic pneumonia of calves –
Cause – viral and bacterial pathogens
Population most likely affected – calves
Transmission – direct contact
Clinical signs –
Coughing
Nasal discharge (initially serous, may become mucopurulent)
Fever (often above 104°F)
Rapid or labored breathing (dyspnea)
Decreased appetite and weight loss
Lethargy or depression
Crackling or wheezing sounds
Diagnosis –
Clinical signs
Culture
Treatment – antibiotics
Prevention –
Vaccination
Good management
Pneumonic pasteurellosis –
Cause –
P haemolytica
P multocida
Normal location – Normal inhabitants of the nasopharynx
Transmission – Contact
Clinical signs –
Pyrexia
Serous-mucopurulent nasal discharge
Moist cough
Rapid, shallow respiratory rate
Grunting on expiration
Unthrifty
Diagnosis – culture the organism
Treatment –
Long-acting antibiotics
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Culling
Prevention –
Vaccination
Reduce stress
Haemophilus somnus
Cause – Haemophilus somnus bacteria
Normal location – bovine mucous membranes of the upper respiratory and especially the lower genital tract
Transmission – direct contact
Clinical signs –
Pyrexia (108)
Rapid respiration
Stiffness, knuckling at the fetlocks
Severe depression
Ataxia, paralysis
Opisthotonos (star-gazing)
Coma and death
Neurological problems including blindness
Diagnosis – culture the organism
Treatment –
Penicillin
Tetracyclines
Prevention –
Vaccination (?)
Reduce stress
Biosecurity
Other associated diseases –
Thrombotic meningoencephalitis, TME
Acute, usually fatal septicemic disease
Nervous, musculoskeletal, circulatory, & respiratory systems
Single system or multiple systems at the same time
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
Cause – respiratory distress
Transmission – non-contagious
Clinical signs – respiratory distress, crackle in lungs
Diagnosis – histopathology
Treatment – no treatment
Prevention – pasture management, feed management, vaccination
Granulomatous bacterial pneumonia
Cause – bacteria
Transmission – inhalation, direct contact
Clinical signs –
Chronic cough.
Weight loss and lethargy.
Fever.
Difficulty breathing (dyspnea, tachypnea).
Abscess formation in the lungs or surrounding tissues.
Diagnosis – bacterial culture
Treatment – long-term antibiotic therapy
Prevention – biosecurity and vaccination
Significance of this organism
These infections can be chronic and may be difficult to treat, leading to long-term economic losses in livestock due to reduced productivity and, in some cases, condemnation of affected animals
Sheep and Goat respiratory disease
Cause –
Pasteurella sp.
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Parainfluenza type 3 virus
Transmission –
direct contact
Stress
Clinical signs –
Coughing and nasal discharge (clear to purulent).
Fever.
Labored breathing (dyspnea).
Weight loss and poor condition.
Sudden death in severe cases.
Diagnosis – clinical exam and bacerial culture
Treatment – antibiotics and anti-inflammatories
Prevention –
Vaccination
Good management
Biosecurity
Equine Influenza
Cause – equine influenza virus
Transmission – direct contact
Clinical signs –
Fever (up to 105°F/40.5°C).
Coughing, nasal discharge (watery to mucopurulent).
Lethargy and decreased appetite.
Muscle soreness and stiffness.
Respiratory distress in severe cases
Diagnosis – clinical signs and virus isolation
Treatment –
Supportive care
Antiviral drugs
Antibiotics if secondary bacterial infection develops
Prevention –
Vaccination
Isolation
Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV – 1)
Cause – Equine Herpesvirus 1
Transmission – direct contact
Clinical signs –
Fever.
Nasal discharge (usually watery to mucopurulent).
Coughing.
Neurological signs (in severe cases)
Reproductive issues
Diagnosis – virus isolation
Treatment – supportive care
Prevention –
Vaccination
Biosecurity
Isolation
Allergic lung disease
Cause – immune-mediated responses
Transmission – non-contagious
Clinical signs –
Coughing
Nasal discharge (clear to mucopurulent).
Labored breathing (dyspnea, especially during exercise).
Exercise intolerance.
Wheezing or increased respiratory effort
Diagnosis – endoscopy and chest radiographs and history
Treatment – environmental control
Prevention – reduce exposure
Traumatic pneumothorax
Cause – trauma to thoracic region
Transmission – non-contagious
Clinical signs –
Dyspnea
Discomfort
Crackles under skin over thoracic cavity
Diagnosis – physical examination and xray
Treatment –
Remove air
Rest/minimize movements
Cull
Prevention – take precautions during high risk activities