16 та специални диети

Special Diets and Regimens

Purpose of Special Diets

• Provide complete rest to affected organs and systems.

• Alleviate and improve their functions.

• Assist in normalizing metabolism.

• Eliminate accumulated metabolic products such as sodium (Na) and fluids.

• Enhance the effectiveness of primary diets.

Indications for Special Diets

• Cardiovascular diseases:

  • Heart failure (HF) stages II-III.

  • Hypertension (essential) II-III stages.

  • Atherosclerosis.

  • Ischemic heart disease (IHD).

• Obesity.

• Diabetes mellitus.

• Acute gastritis and enterocolitis.

• Acute nephritis and renal insufficiency.

• Acute hepatitis and cholecystitis, chronic acute cholecystitis, biliary stone disease, liver insufficiency.

• Toxicoses during pregnancy.

Types of Special Diets

Combined Diets

• Include various selected products.

• Nutritionally incomplete.

• Recommended for no more than 1-3 days.

• Duration: 1-2 weeks.

Detox Diets

1. Tea Diet:

   • For acute gastritis and enterocolitis with diarrhea.

   • 1 cup of tea with 10 grams of sugar, 7 times daily.

2. Sugar Diet:

   • For acute nephritis.

   • Kidney or liver insufficiency.

   • Rarely for acute or chronic exacerbated hepatitis or cholecystitis.

   • 1 cup of tea with 30 grams of sugar, 5 times daily.

3. Rice-Compote Diet:

   • For heart failure and renal insufficiency.

   • Liver and bile diseases.

   • 1 glass of sweet compote, 6 times daily, with 2 meals combined with sweet rice porridge.

4. Apple Diet:

   • For obesity and heart failure.

   • 300 grams of raw or baked apples, 5 times daily.

   • If no obesity, add 50-100 grams of sugar.

5. Watermelon Diet:

   • For heart failure, obesity, or kidney complaints.

   • 300-400 grams of watermelon, 5 times daily.

6. Potato Diet:

   • For nephritis and heart failure.

   • 300 grams of boiled or baked whole unpeeled potatoes, without salt.

7. Cucumber Diet:

   • For obesity, heart failure, and diabetes with obesity.

   • 300 grams of fresh peeled cucumbers, 5 times daily, without salt.

8. Fruit-Vegetable Diet:

   • For obesity, atherosclerosis, kidney and bile diseases.

   • 300 grams of fresh fruits and vegetables, 5 times daily, without salt and sugar; include a little vegetable oil.

9. Milk Diet:

   • For obesity, atherosclerosis, kidney diseases.

   • 200-250 ml of yogurt, 6 times daily.

10. Oatmeal Diet:

    • For obesity and atherosclerosis, diabetes with metabolic acidosis.

    • 140 grams of oatmeal porridge with water, 5 times daily; 1-2 cups of tea or rosehip infusion.

11. Juice Diet:

    • For obesity, atherosclerosis, kidney and bile diseases.

    • 600 ml fruit or vegetable juice diluted with 200 ml water or 800 ml rosehip infusion, divided into 4 meals.

Special Diets by Kempner

• Kempner Diet (Rice-Fruit):

  • For heart failure and kidney insufficiency.

  • Cooked rice (with milk or fruit juice) 2-3 times daily, accompanied by 4 servings of berries.

  • 4 cups of fruit juice with sugar or syrup.

• Karel Diet:

  • For heart failure and fluid retention.

  • Contains mainly milk, divided into several meals.

  • Four variants, low in energy, no salt, limited fluids, and frequent meals.

Karel Diet Variants

1. Option I:

   • 100 ml of milk every 2 hours, 7 times daily.

   • 100 ml of fruit juice or rosehip infusion with sugar at 22:00.

2. Option II:

   • Same as Option I; at 8:00, add 150 grams of unsalted bread and 1 soft-boiled egg.

   • At 14:00, serve 200 grams of rice porridge with 5 grams of butter.

3. Option III:

   • At 8:00: 150 grams of unsalted bread, 1 soft-boiled egg, and 50 grams of sugar.

   • At 14:00: 200 grams of potato puree with 10 grams of butter.

   • At 18:00: 1 soft-boiled egg.

4. Option IV:

   • At 8:00: 200 grams of unsalted bread, 100 grams of baked apples, and 1 egg.

   • At 12:00: 200 grams of potato puree with 10 grams of butter.

   • At 14:00: 100 grams of meat soufflé with 5 grams of butter.

   • At 18:00: 1 soft-boiled egg.

Magnesium Diet

• For heart failure, atherosclerosis, biliary stone disease, cholecystitis with impaired gallbladder evacuation, constipation alongside obesity.

• Based on diet number 10, enriched with magnesium-rich products.

  • Includes wheat bran, oat flour, nuts, beans, peas, parsley, and salad.

• Excludes salt, meat and fish extractives, and limits fluids;

• Developed through three continuous variants for 3-4 days.

Magnesium Diet Variants

1. Option I:

   • Breakfast: semolina with toasted wheat bran, tea with lemon.

   • Mid-morning: grated carrots with vegetable oil.

   • Lunch: borscht with wheat bran broth, millet porridge, rosehip infusion.

   • Dinner: cottage cheese soufflé, tea with lemon, and rosehip infusion at 22:00.

2. Option II:

   • Breakfast: oatmeal with milk, tea with lemon.

   • Mid-morning: soaked dried plums.

   • Lunch: slimy broth oat soup, boiled meat with sautéed beets in vegetable oil, apples.

   • Afternoon: carrot salad with apples, rosehip infusion.

   • Dinner: semolina porridge with cottage cheese, tea, and carrot juice at 22:00.

3. Option III:

   • Breakfast: grated carrots, milk-wheat porridge, tea with lemon.

   • Mid-morning: dried plums soaked in water, wheat bran infusion.

   • Lunch: oatmeal soup with vegetables, boiled chicken, cabbage meatballs, rosehip infusion.

   • Afternoon: fresh apples.

   • Dinner: cottage cheese soufflé, apple and carrot meatballs, tea, and tomato juice at 22:00.

Potassium Diet

• For heart failure and hypertension.

• Reduced energy intake with potassium-rich products.

• Excludes NaCl, meat and fish extractives, and limits fluids.

• Six meals daily.

• Four continuous variants.

Potassium Diet Variants

1. Option I:

   • Breakfast: baked potatoes, coffee with milk.

   • Mid-morning: fresh green cabbage or carrot juice.

   • Lunch: creamy potato soup, carrot puree, fruit puree.

   • Afternoon: rosehip infusion.

   • Dinner: potato puree, rosehip infusion, and fruit juice at 22:00.

2. Option II:

   • Breakfast: baked potatoes, coffee with milk.

   • Mid-morning: millet porridge, carrot juice.

   • Lunch: creamy cabbage and potato soup, potato dumplings, fruit puree.

   • Afternoon: rosehip infusion.

   • Dinner: boiled rice with fruits.

3. Option III:

   • Breakfast: millet milk porridge with dried fruits, coffee with milk.

   • Mid-morning: potato puree, green cabbage, or carrot juice.

   • Lunch: vegetarian oatmeal soup with vegetables, carrot dumplings, dry fruit compote.

   • Afternoon: rosehip infusion.

   • Dinner: boiled fish, potato puree, milk tea, and fruit juice at 22:00.

4. Option IV:

   • Breakfast: vegetable salad, semolina porridge with milk, coffee with milk.

   • Mid-morning: soaked raisins, carrot juice (fresh green cabbage).

   • Lunch: vegetarian potato soup, boiled meat with rice, dry fruit compote.

   • Afternoon: baked apples.

   • Dinner: boiled meat, potato dumplings, milk tea, and fruit juice at 22:00.

Trial Diets

PEVZNER Trial Diet

• Oatmeal porridge.

• Soft-boiled egg.

• Borscht with meat.

• Roasted meat with garnish.

• Mashed potatoes.

• Boiled carrots or beets.

• Salads, compotes, etc.

SCHMID Trial Diet

• Mechanically sparing.

• Does not provide a full picture of intestinal functional capability.

• Breakfast: milk, yogurt, or tea, cheese, dry bread with butter, 1 soft-boiled egg.

• Mid-morning: 500 ml of oatmeal soup with butter, milk, water, and 1 egg.

• Lunch: veal, mashed potatoes, sautéed carrots.

• Afternoon: 500 ml of oatmeal soup with butter, milk, water.

• Dinner: yogurt or 1-2 soft-boiled eggs, bread.

Vegetarian Regimens

Overview

• Known since ancient times.

• Used for "cleansing" the body.

• Utilized as a treatment method for 7-10 days in metabolic disorders:

  • Purine metabolism.

  • Hyperlipidemia.

  • Oxalate and urate diathesis.

  • Atherosclerosis, etc.

Strict Vegetarian Regimen

• Only plant-based food.

• Low-calorie.

• With prolonged application, potential protein malnutrition, calcium deficiencies, and alkalization of the body.

• Protein sources: plant products.

• Rich in vitamins and mineral salts.

• The food has a large volume, hard to digest.

• Applied briefly depending on the disease.

Milk and Egg Vegetarian Regimen

• More complete, better tolerated.

• Indicated for:

  • Metabolic diseases.

  • Obesity.

  • Kidney and bile diseases.

  • After hepatitis conditions.

  • Some gastrointestinal disorders.

Milk and Egg Vegetarian Regimen Details

• Completely excludes fish and meat.

• Plant food.

• Includes milk and dairy products, eggs, butter, and animal fats.

• Low in protein, which can lead to alkalinization and digestive issues.

• Safer if it contains at least 30 grams of animal protein.

Raw Foodism

• Similar to vegetarianism, food is consumed raw, without heat treatment.

• Includes:

  • Raw fruits and vegetables.

  • Grains, nuts.

  • Fresh milk, eggs, olive oil.

  • Raw meat and fish pose infection risks.

Advantages of Raw Foodism

• Vitamins and mineral salts are not lost during cooking.

• Low in purines and sodium.

• Stimulates bowel peristalsis.

• Reduces putrefactive processes in the intestines.

• Satisfying with relatively low calories.

• Good taste qualities.

• Activates chewing apparatus activity.

• Alkalizing properties.

Indications for Raw Foodism

• Indicated for:

  • Gout and urate diathesis.

  • Obesity.

  • Heart failure.

  • Chronic kidney and heart insufficiency.

  • Chronic constipation.