Chap 30

APUSH Chapter 30 Questions & Answers

1. What was the most alarming issue to American conservatives in the 1960s and 1970s?

• Conservatives were most alarmed by the expansion of federal government power, social unrest, the rise of liberal policies (such as civil rights and welfare programs), and the counterculture movement challenging traditional values.

2. What constituted the “New Left”?

• The New Left was a political movement led by young activists advocating for civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam War, and broader social reforms. It was largely composed of college students and intellectuals.

3. What was SDS? Where did they meet?

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a major New Left organization that opposed the Vietnam War and called for participatory democracy. They first met at Port Huron, Michigan, where they issued the Port Huron Statement.

4. What happened at college campuses across the country?

• Protests erupted over civil rights, free speech, and the Vietnam War. Some escalated into violent confrontations, such as the Kent State Massacre in 1970, where the National Guard shot and killed four students.

5. Describe the “Counterculture.”

• A youth movement that rejected traditional values, emphasizing peace, love, and individual freedom. It included hippies, opposition to materialism, and experimentation with drugs, music, and alternative lifestyles.

6. What was “Beatlemania”?

• A term used to describe the massive popularity of The Beatles in the 1960s, which helped launch the British Invasion of American music.

7. What was unique about “All in the Family”?

• The 1970s sitcom tackled controversial social and political issues such as racism, feminism, and war, reflecting the cultural divide in America.

8. What problems did Native Americans encounter?

• Discrimination, high poverty rates, poor living conditions on reservations, and loss of land and cultural identity due to federal policies.

9. Detail the Indian Civil Rights Movement.

• Native activists formed groups like the American Indian Movement (AIM), which fought for tribal sovereignty, legal rights, and economic opportunities. The Occupation of Alcatraz (1969-1971) and the Wounded Knee Incident (1973) were key protests.

10. What marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement? What were its objectives? What did President Clinton have to do with this movement?

• The Stonewall Riots (1969) in New York City marked the beginning. The movement sought equal rights and an end to discrimination. In the 1990s, President Clinton introduced “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”, allowing gays to serve in the military if they kept their sexuality private.

11. What was the feminist movement?

• A movement advocating for gender equality, reproductive rights, and workplace fairness.

12. Who was Betty Friedan? What was The Feminine Mystique?

• A feminist leader whose 1963 book The Feminine Mystique criticized the limitations of traditional gender roles and inspired the modern women’s rights movement.

13. What did Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?

• It prohibited employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

14. What is NOW? What has been its importance?

• The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 to fight for women’s equality, focusing on workplace rights, reproductive freedom, and equal pay.

15. What was the Equal Rights Amendment? Was it incorporated in the Constitution? Why or why not?

• The ERA aimed to guarantee equal legal rights for women, but it failed to be ratified by enough states due to conservative opposition.

16. What right did women gain with the decision of Roe v. Wade (1973)?

• The right to have an abortion under constitutional privacy protections.

17. What was President Nixon’s dilemma in regard to the Vietnam War?

• He wanted to end the war without appearing weak or betraying U.S. allies in South Vietnam.

18. What was Vietnamization?

• Nixon’s policy of gradually withdrawing U.S. troops while training and equipping South Vietnamese forces to take over combat operations.

19. What was the Pentagon Papers controversy? What did it reveal about American involvement in Vietnam?

• The Pentagon Papers (1971) revealed that the government had misled the public about the Vietnam War, hiding the extent of U.S. involvement and failed military strategies.

20. What was Nixon’s solution to end the war? How was this accomplished?

• Nixon intensified bombings, expanded the war into Cambodia, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords (1973), leading to U.S. withdrawal.

21. What eventually happened in Vietnam?

• In 1975, North Vietnam invaded and captured Saigon, leading to the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.

22. What changes did the U.S. have to make in order to adapt from a “bipolar” world to a “multipolar” world?

• The U.S. had to shift its Cold War strategy, improving relations with China and the Soviet Union while adjusting to the rise of new global powers.

23. What was the Nixon Doctrine?

• A policy stating that the U.S. would assist allies with economic and military aid but would not send large numbers of troops.

24. What occurred in Chile in the 1970s?

• The CIA helped overthrow socialist President Salvador Allende, leading to a military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet.

25. What happened in the “Six-Day War” of 1967?

• Israel fought Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, gaining control of Gaza, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights.

26. What was the Yom Kippur War of 1973?

• A surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria. The U.S. supported Israel, leading to an OPEC oil embargo that caused an energy crisis.

27. What did Nixon do in regard to the desegregation of southern schools?

• He enforced court-ordered desegregation but slowed the pace to avoid alienating Southern voters.

28. Describe the Warren Court and key cases:

• The Warren Court expanded civil rights and liberties.

• Engel v. Vitale (1962) – Banned school prayer.

• Roth v. U.S. (1957) – Defined obscenity.

• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – Guaranteed the right to an attorney.

• Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) – Defendants have a right to counsel during police interrogations.

• Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – Required Miranda rights to be read to suspects.

• Baker v. Carr (1962) – Established the principle of “one person, one vote.”

29. Describe the Burger Court and key cases:

• The Burger Court was more conservative but upheld some liberal precedents.

• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg (1971) – Allowed busing for school desegregation.

• Furman v. Georgia (1972) – Temporarily halted the death penalty.

• Roe v. Wade (1973) – Legalized abortion.

• Milliken v. Bradley (1974) – Limited court-ordered desegregation.

• Stone v. Powell (1976) – Limited habeas corpus appeals for state prisoners.

30. What were George McGovern’s goals in the election of 1972? How did this help Nixon’s reelection?

• McGovern opposed the Vietnam War and advocated for social reforms. His liberal stance alienated many voters, leading to Nixon’s landslide victory.

31. How did Nixon respond to the mounting economic problems of the 1970s?

• He imposed wage and price controls, removed the U.S. from the gold standard, and dealt with the energy crisis.

32. What was the “Watergate” Scandal? What did it lead to? What happened to President Nixon?

• Watergate involved a break-in at the DNC headquarters and a cover-up. It led to Nixon’s resignation in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

This covers everything for your APUSH test. Let me know if you need more explanations!