Sensory System


Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

  • Definition: Non-medical factors affecting health outcomes.

  • Source: World Health Organization (WHO)

  • Key Points:

    • Conditions under which people are born, grow, work, and age.

    • Includes systems shaping daily life (economic policies, social norms, etc.).

Impact of Social Determinants

  • Studies indicate SDH account for 30-55% of health outcomes.

Key Factors of SDH

  • Income and Social Protection

  • Education

  • Employment & Job Security

  • Working Life Conditions

  • Food Insecurity

  • Housing and Environmental Factors

  • Early Childhood Development

  • Social Inclusion and Non-Discrimination

  • Structural Conflict

  • Access to Affordable Health Services

Chapter 15: Senses

Overview of Senses

  • Types: Sight, Hearing, Taste (Gustation), Touch, Smell (Olfaction)

  • Functionality through sensitive receptor cells in bodily structures.

  • Examples:

    • Taste Buds (receptors on the tongue)

    • Nasal Cavity (receptor cells)

Anatomy of Vision

  • Parts of the External Eye:

    • Eyebrows, Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Cornea, Iris, Pupil

    • Muscles: Orbicularis oculi, Levator palpebrae superioris

  • Other Eye Structures:

    • Tear Ducts, Sclera, Choroid, Retina

Errors in Refraction

  • Terms and Definitions:

    • Myopia: Eyeball too long

    • Hyperopia: Eyeball too short

    • Presbyopia: Age-related vision changes

    • Diplopia: Double vision

    • Astigmatism: Misshapen cornea

Diseases/Conditions of the Eye

  • Conditions:

    • Xerophthalmia

    • Sclerotomy

    • Ophthalmoplegia

    • Conjunctivitis

    • Oculomycosis

Procedures Related to the Eye

  • Common Procedures:

    • Iridectomy

    • Retinoscopy

    • Keratoplasty

    • Keratometer

Chapter 18: Ear Anatomy

Ear Structure

  • Divisions: Outer Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear

  • Outer Ear Components:

    • Auricle (Pinna)

    • External Auditory Meatus

  • Middle Ear Components:

    • Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)

    • Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes

  • Inner Ear Components:

    • Oval Window, Cochlea, Semicircular Canals

Auditory Function

  • Key Terms:

    • audi/o: Hearing

    • ot/o: Ear

  • Roles of the Ear: Hearing & Balance

Ear Procedures and Terms

  • Common Terms:

    • Tympanometry

    • Audiologist

    • Otoscopy

    • Cochlear Implant

    • Otosclerosis

Definitions and Breakdown of Terms

  • Blepharoptosis: Drooping of the eyelid

  • Ophthalmoplegia: Weakness of the eye muscles

  • Tympanoplasty: Surgical repair of the eardrum

  • Keratomalacia: Softening of the cornea

  • Otorhinolaryngologist: Specialist in ENT disorders

Practice Questions

  • What is the primary social determinant of health?

  • How can social determinants be addressed? Can they be?