AP Human Geography Unit 1-7 Notes
Space and Place
Space is the geometric surface of the Earth. Objects are defined by their location and separated by distance. Activity space is the area of daily activity. Place is a bounded space of human importance. A toponym is a place-name assigned when human importance is recognized. Regions are a type of place.
Regions and Scale
Regions can be formal, functional, or vernacular. Formal regions have a homogeneous characteristic, like a common language. Political regions have finite, well-defined boundaries. Environmental region boundaries are transitional and measurable, with ecotones as transition zones. Functional regions have a central node with a practical purpose, such as market areas. Intervening opportunities are closer attractions that take precedence. Vernacular regions are based on perceptions or mental maps. Scale relates an object or place to the Earth. Map scale is the ratio of map distance to real-world distance. Relative scale refers to the level of aggregation.
Location and Distance
Location is absolute (coordinates) or relative (compared to other places). The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude, and the equator is 0° latitude. Time zones are divided into 15-degree longitudinal zones. Site refers to physical characteristics, while situation refers to interrelatedness. Linear absolute distance uses units like miles or kilometers. Distance decay states interaction decreases with distance. Tobler’s Law states closer places are more related. Friction of distance inhibits interaction.
Human-Environment Interaction and Spatial Patterns
Space-time compression reduces relative distance via technology. Human-environment interaction is the reciprocal effect. Central places are economic exchange centers. Central place theory analyzes city location and exchange using hexagonal market areas. Core-periphery relationships exist in regional, cultural, economic, political, and environmental contexts. Patterns can be clustered (grouped), agglomerated (purposefully clustered), random, scattered, linear, or sinuous. Land survey patterns affect property lines and political boundaries. Metes and bounds used natural features, while rectilinear systems use latitude and longitude. Long-lot patterns have narrow frontages.
Density and Diffusion
Arithmetic density is the number of things per square unit. Physiologic density is the number of people per square unit of arable land. Agricultural density is the number of farmers per square unit of arable land. Diffusion patterns include expansion (outward from a central place), hierarchical (from first-order to subordinate locations), contagious (outward to nearby locations), stimulus (underlying principle diffuses), and relocation (crossing a barrier and relocating).
Geographic Tools
Scientific maps result from spatial analysis. Topographic maps show elevation contours and landscape features. Thematic maps express a particular subject. Choropleth maps use color variations. Isoline maps calculate data values between points. Dot density maps use dots to express volume. Flow-line maps use lines to show movement.
Map Scale and Projections
Map scale ratios (e.g., ) indicate area covered and level of detail. Cartograms use simplified geometries. Mental maps are cognitive images. Large-scale maps have larger ratios and show smaller areas with high detail. Small-scale maps have smaller ratios and show larger areas with low detail. Projections distort size and shape. Equal-area projections preserve area, while conformal projections preserve shape. The Robinson projection balances area and form. Models are abstract generalizations of real-world geographies.
Models and GIS
Spatial models show common landscape patterns. Urban models show similar spatial relationships in cities. Demographic transition models are non-spatial and use population data. Gravity models calculate transportation flow:
Models picture geographical patterns and answer theoretical questions. GIS incorporates data layers for spatial analysis and mapping. GPS uses satellites for location data. Remote sensing uses aerial photography and satellite data.
Population Statistics
Population growth involves the rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation. Birth rate (natality) is the crude birth rate (CBR):
Death rate (mortality rate) is the crude death rate (CDR):
RNI is the annual percentage of population growth:
Doubling Time:
Net Migration Rate (NMR) is:
Population Growth Percentage Rate:
Total fertility rate (TFR) is:
Replacement rate is a TFR of . Dependency ratio compares those too young or old to work to the workforce.
Demographic and Epidemiological Transition Models
The demographic transition model (DTM) explains population changes over time in relation to migration, fertility, economy, and urbanization. The epidemiological transition model (ETM) accounts for increasing growth rates from medical advances. The S-Curve of Population: rapid population growth followed by a plateau due to carrying capacity.
Stages of Demographic Transition
Stage One: Pre-agricultural societies with high birth and death rates, low RNI.
Stage Two: Agriculturally based economies with high birth rates, declining death rates, increasing RNI.
Stage Two 1/2: NICs with manufacturing-focused economies, declining birth and death rates, rapid urbanization.
Stage Three: Industrialized countries with declining birth and death rates due to urbanization and access to health care.
Stages Four and Five: Converging birth and death rates, limited population growth or decline, service-based economies. Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when birth rates equal death rates.
Malthusian Theory and Population Pyramids
Malthusian Theory states population growth would outpace food production. Neo-Malthusians warn of a potential catastrophe due to sustainability, increased per capita demand, and natural resource depletion. Population pyramids visualize population structure by age and gender. Males are on the left, females on the right. Gaps indicate past wars, epidemics, or famine.
Density, Overpopulation, and Migration
Arithmetic density is people per land area. Physiologic density is people per farmland area. The population center averages spatial weight. Overpopulation concerns resource-poor regions. Migration includes interregional, transnational, forced, and undocumented movements. Step migration occurs in a hierarchy of locations. Chain migration establishes footholds. Life-course changes prompt moves. Push factors force people off the farm, while pull factors attract people to cities.
Culture and Its Components
Culture is the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group. Components include art, architecture, language, music, film, food, clothing, social interaction, religion, folklore, and land use. Cultural synthesis (syncretism) is the blending of cultures. Art is an identifier of groups and a source of pride. Architecture reflects cultural influence.
Architecture and Housing Types
Modern architecture is geometric, while contemporary architecture is organic and incorporates green technologies. Postmodern architecture abandons blocky shapes. Traditional architecture can be commercial or residential. Housing types include New England (Cape Cod, Saltbox), Federalist/Georgian (symmetrical townhomes), and I-houses (rectangular with central door).
Religious Buildings and Language
Christian churches have steeples or bell towers. Hindu temples have rectangular bodies with carved towers. Buddhist temples vary by tradition. Islamic mosques have domes and minarets oriented toward Mecca. Judaic synagogues lack a common style. Language can be monolingual or multilingual. Dialects vary within a language region. Pidgin languages simplify languages, while lingua francas bridge linguistic gaps.
Language Families and Theories
Major language families include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Niger-Congo. Theories on European language origin include the Anatolian theory (migration from Turkey) and the Kurgan theory (migration from Central Asia). Music is nonmaterial culture with geographic roots. Folk music is original to a culture, while popular culture generates a global flow. Film and Television are conduits for cultural globalization.
Food, Clothing, and Social Interaction
Food is a material form of culture varying regionally. Continental cuisine includes haute cuisine and nouvelle cuisine. Fusion cuisine incorporates multiple traditions. Clothing styles are cultural imprints. Social interaction is culturally constructed, with varying physical greetings and personal space. Universalizing religions accept all, while ethnic religions are confined.
Religion and Belief Systems
Religions have scriptures and formal doctrines. Syncretic religions synthesize beliefs. The Animist tradition involves nature worship. The Hindu-Buddhist tradition includes polytheism and karma. The Abrahamic tradition shares scriptural genesis and monotheism. Sacred animals and objects are included.
Caste System and Islamic States
The Hindu caste system includes Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Dalits. Islamic states can be theocracies (religious leaders govern) or secular (non-religious). Sharia law is based on the Koran and Hadith. Five Pillars of Islam guide followers with prayer, creed, alms, Ramadan, and the Hajj.
Folklore, Land Use, and Nationhood
Folklore includes collected stories and histories. Land use reflects cultural practices, from swidden agriculture to residential patterns. Nation is a population with a culture. Ethnicity is a mix of heritage and allegiance. State is a population under a government. Cultural identity defines how people are identified. Race is physical characteristics of a genetic heritage.
Race, Racism, and Cultural Concepts
Historical racial categories include Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid. Environmental determinism wrongly stated culture traits are defined by physical geography. Possibilism states cultures are partly shaped by the environment. Ethnocentrism is the belief in one's superiority. Cultural relativism understands beliefs in context. Internal identity expresses heritage to shared groups. External identity expresses heritage to different groups.
Culture Regions and Acculturation
Culture regions have homogeneous characteristics and fuzzy borders. Culture hearths are localized areas of origin. Sequent occupance replaces dominant cultures over time. Acculturation adapts to a new culture while keeping the original. Assimilation completely changes identity to the majority culture. Cultural survival promotes protecting indigenous cultures. Cultural globalization diminishes unique cultures. Ethnic cleansing eliminates groups.
Units of Political Organization
Country is an identifiable land area. Nation is a population with a culture. State is a population under a government. A nation-state is a single culture under a single government. Sovereignty means independence, territory, and international recognition. Multi-national states contain many cultures. Nationalism unifies cultures. Stateless nations lack political representation.
Organizations of States
Federal states divide authority. Unitary systems have a central government. Microstates are small sovereign states. Autonomous regions have freedom from central authority. Semi-autonomous regions have lesser freedom. Supranationalism aligns states for a common purpose.
European Union and Spatial Concepts
The European Union serves as a free-trade union, open-border policy, monetary union, judicial union, and legislative body. Territoriality expresses political control over space. Citizenship is legal identity based on the state. Political borders are definable and clear.
Borders and Territorial Configurations
Political boundaries are finite lines. Enclaves are minority groups inside a dominant culture. Exclaves are fragmented territories. UNCLOS defines oceanic boundaries with territorial seas (12 nautical miles) and EEZs (200 nautical miles). Boundary origins can be antecedent, relic, subsequent, or superimposed. Territorial change occurs through decolonization, annexation, cultural integration or forced removal. Shapes of countries include compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupt, perforated, and landlocked.
Border Disputes and State Morphology
Border disputes can be definitional, locational, operational, or allocational. Frontiers are open territories. State morphology impacts society. State territory changes through decolonization or annexation. Capitals are seats of government. Electoral politics involve suffrage and gerrymandering. Feudalism involves aristocracy controlling land and peasants in debt peonage.
Political Economy and Marxism
Absolute monarchy concentrates power. Constitutional monarchy shares power with parliament. Republics are free of aristocracy. Communism is a class-free society with state-owned land and industry. The Soviet Union was an example of communism in practice with comprehensive planning, but it ultimately failed due to a lack of incentives and limited variety.
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
Centripetal forces hold the state together (nationalism, strong leadership, economic productivity), while centrifugal forces tear it apart (ethnic conflict, corruption, failing economy). Geopolitics studies global-scale relationships between states. Balkanization is the fragmentation of a large state into smaller ones. Irredentism occurs when minority groups break away.
Geopolitical Models and Terrorism
Neocolonialism controls through economic pressure. The Heartland-Rimland model defines geopolitical landscapes. The Containment theory aimed to prevent the spread of communism. Terrorism uses violence to change policy. State terrorism uses violence to control people.
Economic Sectors and Agricultural Activity
Primary economy includes agriculture, mining, and fisheries. Secondary production included manufacturing. Tertiary production includes transportation. Quaternary includes finance. Quinary includes government. Economic activity and employment can be measured at the stage of primary production onward or by the types of services and products made. Agricultural activity can be in specified concentrations depending on the size of land and labor input for respective farming type.
Subsistence Agriculture and Food Preservation
Subsistence agriculture provides for household needs. Extensive subsistence agriculture uses low labor inputs. Food preservation, culturally varied has been a necessity for survival for thousands of years via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars that have led to many cultural variations in food consumption.
Cash-Cropping and Farming Under Communism
Cash-cropping exchanges crops for currency. Farming under communism was non-subsistence, using collective farms. Collectivization of farms and elimination of privately owned land. There were assigned quotas by the government that detailed exactly how much each farm should produce each year. These were large farms where several families were organized as labor units. There were no incentives to produce over the quota crop from the state crop yields and the land was owned collectively by the whole state.
Human Ecology and Farming Practices
Human ecology examines human-nature interactions also forestry techniques, fisheries, and environmental regulation in addition to farming practices. Crop rotation switches crops each year. Multi-cropping plants more than one crop. Double cropping plates two crops one after the other on a single plot and triple cropping plants three crops in the same season. Irrigation opens land but depletes aquifers. Conservation Agriculture provides a sustainable farming system that does not sacrifice crop reduction to reduce inputs to cause risk of farming practices that may lead to long term problems economically and environmentally.
Soil Conservation, Irrigation, and Sustainable Farming
Conservation is preserving and managing the environment and its natural resources. Inter-Planting practices plant fast-growing crops and slow-growing crops at the same time in order to preserve soil qualities and obtain as much yield as possible. Sustainable yield is the amount of crop and animals can be raised without endangering natural resources and reduces the risk of long-term environmental and economic problems.
Non-Food Crops, Overgrazing, and Agricultural Practices
These include alternative energy crops (e.g., corn for ethanol). Shifting cultivation involves slash and burn agriculture in tropical regions. Soil salination occurs due to evaporation, poisoning crops. Cultural influences and religion help determine practices and trades for agricultural purposes. Available resources in water-scarce regions makes irrigation an important factor in preserving and improving water quality for agricultural practices.
Agricultural Revolutions
The First Agricultural Revolution included vegetative planting and seed agriculture. The Second Agricultural Revolution included technological changes from the Industrial Revolution, use of specialized seeds and hybrids, development of artificial chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and agricultural management techniques for mechanization in order to ensure high yield and soil qualities. Second revolution caused increase in food, better diets, and longer life expectancy. Horticulture had a role to increase the need of laboratory techniques and development of plant and animal management for climatic situations. The Third Agricultural revolution was when modern commercial and inclusive ways to introduce the practices and internationalize industrial farming through a primary step to produce crops, secondary step process the crops, and tertiary to market the crop to co-op or farmers markets for higher quality prices.
Green Revolution and Agribusiness
The Green Revolution happened in the 1950s were chemicals were introduced in third world countries to increase crop production and high yields in order to increase population due to lower child mortality ratios. Agribusiness is when larger farms were acquired by one owner. This required the farmer to produce several thousand acres, and thousands of animals. Genetically modified veterinary was developed for higher yields animal production such as increased meat and milk ratios. Mechanization has shifted to the world of mass production for commercial agriculture that increases scale for better yields.
Food Production, Value-Added, and General Specialty Agriculture
Most of the public is against animals modifications and hormones being used to develop commercial agriculture that increase value chain. Local geographical names determine value add through appellations and ensure local origin names for products. Value-added agricultural production is the food produce on a farm in order to increase significantly in profitability and value. Certified Organic, Anti-Biotics, Hormones free range animals and livestock are not given antibiotics or grown using genetic engineering, and are free of pesticides, hormones, chemical fertilizers in any way.
General Specialized Crops and Mediterranean Agriculture
This plays an important role in both form economy and cultural specificity for consumers for a diverse set of specialized crops, and high production that can reach a general population. Mediterranean climate crops are found and produce similar yield rates to the region. Some of the specialized crops include: Citrus for a wide range of production levels, Nuts and fruits for value income profits, palms for date production. Small farms in rural communities produce locally sourced high end oils and alcohols for value production, as well as grapes pressed for wine.
Plantation and Dairy Agriculture
In the tropical and sub-tropical climates of the world, it is common to find extensive plantation agriculture, specialized crops intended for both domestic consumption and exports. Plantation can be risky to have such specialize crops due to national economic downturns and the crop falling from the market. Dairy is usually done by Cows and buffaloes for different dairy production processes, for drinking, cheeses, yogurt, etc. concerns that are more and more recognized relate for spoilage. homogenized (mixed in large batches) to create a consistent flavor and sold in a number of grades based on the amount of fat content. UTH is method of preserving dairy.
Women in Agriculture and Global Systems
Women play an essential role in global agricultural production, but face a gender gap in pay equity and access to resources. Most of agriculture global production comes from areas facing inequalities and access challenges and the products have enormous impact to economics around the world. To increase commodity value, it is essential to manage each tier and sector from Input- production- processing- distribution- consumption.
Von Thünen’s Model
The costs can cause change in models, where a town can have an increase of expenses, and the agricultural expenses may be more than the town expenses. Distance can vary the productivity, as there can be more expenses the farther away the town is. An inverse occurs when there is a cost to the land that is being rented out to aristocrats under the economy and politics of feudalism. Land-curve represents change in rent as one continues to purchase across each model across a function known as mathematics to change each price of the model.
Central Place Theory and Agglomeration
The central place theory claims areas mainly focus on settling in a central place to start an exchange of market and services. Over time different areas spread among, however this is more so focus in small areas. Large market has more people than small market and over time create an overall system. This can be a problem to have because of how over populated it may be at times.
Threshold and Range and Urban Origins
Threshold and range for market areas depend on the income of the local population. Traffic patterns also affect travel time to reach a destination. Market competition also occurs in population-heavy urbanized. Urban Origins commonly are affected by 2 things 1) access to resource, access for transportation, depending on where a town is it can determine if its viable to access products or other factors.
Settlement Patterns and Rural vs. Urban
Settlement patterns vary depending on the rural and urban region. Clustered urban and rural regions indicate small scale farm structures and residential areas. Circulate arrangements have an amount of people and area due to the need for space and homes. A long area will usually follow a path. Site and location and characteristics depend on town and state. An economic site factor can determine the amount of industry.
Housing and the Concentric Zone Model
Housing must always be maintained whether is during high times, or low in order to provide a safe and happy area for each family. The Concentric Zone model is the model that represents and shows each area within the city area such as the outer suburban parts, cities and factories. Zone depends on commercial and area that helps with spacing and land use. Zones may be changed up due to the cost of homes and land that need to be occupied.
CBD and Industrial Zones
Inner city have small areas due to limited area. CBD- has space due to factories outer area and main city intersections. Industrial- depends on size and amount to place industries. It goes in order, as the farther the more space and vice versa.
Bid-Rent Curve and White Flight
Bid- rent shows the cost- distance change between houses, and outer area places. Overall middle to high-class usually live on outer area to ensure better and bigger living. White flights happen due to the number of whites immigrating the country.
Sector Model: takes neighborhood, and commercial side and combines for a more realistic purpose for a urbanized model, such as business and industrial areas.
Multiple-Nuclei Model and Peripheral Models
Multiple-nuclei models used to present how the urbanized area looks. It is used to help view how suburban structures may connect to new CBD after WWII. Galactic area, shows the commercial lands and the economy during its transition. Retail shopping may occur due to traffic, and if there is anything old nearby. LAT- MODEL- helps reflect cultural urbanized area, as well historical moments.
Southeast Asian City and African Models
Southeast is high-rise developments, with tall buildings. Colonial zones focus to building housing around people and their businesses. Squatters are often settled on the area. Sub Saharan- consists of three distinct CBD’s that help develop into what Africa is today.
Suburbanization
This increases the amount due to federal funding programs. Suburbs grow with more homes and transportation, as well commercial side opens more. Boom of construction from the homes open different services over time, making cities grow at quick paces. Small services start new providers that creates new and existing jobs. Suburban sprawl has continued the housing of transporting.
Counter-Urbanization and Edge cities
This reduces number of homes in urban cities which may decrease income due to the migration of people. Edge cities: requires that they meet the minimum of building and having more square area. Population determines is a state can become “edge”. Types of houses during colonist moments were a colonial form. The Fall line has many water areas whether it is by rivers or fall line.
Gateway Cities, Megacities, and World Cities
Gateway cities: have majorly all residence immigrate to. The entrpot helps buy port cities. Megacities: depends on what level they can reach per capita, the higher the richer and vice versa. The world depends on if a world is combined and urbanized with different countries. A primate city ensures to show that if a region has problems of any sort that area will have a different area during any crisis.
Segregation, Women, and Gentrification
There are some cases where there is no law when segregations has be called upon, however, there are instances that racial law has been spoken such as jim crow. There are also ethnic districts with their own reasons and traditions. Redlining is when a certain district denies residents to live due to mortgage. Women have been known to have a bigger increase percentage due to gender changes, and equality.
Urban Economies, Growth, and Sustainability
Urban Economies is where the growth goes through several economic moments. Preservation has been know to renovate homes as homes prices get high-priced. City may become more expensive due to the amount of tax and homes, especially caused to high property values. sustainability relies upon environment and economic values. A new system to reduce fuel usages. New markets being implemented
Economic Sectors and Agriculture
Primary production includes agriculture, mining, and fisheries. The services and products produced in each sector can be measured by how productive specific practices are at different global locations to ensure constant success. Economically, what is measured is combined value of what's been made in value rather what volume has been made. Agriculture is the least common but a majority of the population helps support agriculture. Subsistence agriculture allows most families to have a farm to live off and is more common in that sense.
Commodity Chains and Natural Resources
Commodity trains exist from the small family from locals areas- to transnational that sell to an International consumers. Natural resources can be divided by linked renewable value. Mining and energy harvesting increase due to the global prices and commodity of what happens world wide. Sustainable and renewable resources come from trees, and forestry, because they are harvest and extracted. To be a renewable source needs to be manage sustainability.
Manufacturing and Services
Manufacturing has to be maintained with quality in production. It has different services from materials to durable goods. Durable goods can be recycled and made again with those materials. High services includes salaries. Low services require hourly payments. Services are the most valued and benefit the highest for revenue.
Deindustrialization and Importance of Technology
Deindustrialization creates new value to add in for future jobs for the most part. However, million of sectors have lost factories. The cheaper that factories has to be built, the more economic power it can gain. As agricultural needs the plow, and industry needs steel service needs a computer during different periods of history.
Levels of Development
The First World: industrialized economies, free markets, high value production; Second World: communist countries, planned economies; Third World: agricultural economies, low productivity. MDC greater 10,000 GNP. Nic less then 10,000GNP. NIC economy depends on FDI or foreign aid, depending on where the local markets in each area are.
India's Jump to Services and China's Demand for Energy
The colonial impacts of India has created economic value and market advantage for some cases in some markets thanks to past influence from Britain. However, china is a high demand place with constant markets that need energy. This has made coal to become a primary energy source that made mass production become extremely powerful and powerful source of economy.
Asian Tigers
Describes economy growth and consumer competitors from different markets, old Asian tires and new Asian Tigers were the cause because of high efficient and the consumers needs had helped for it to become big thanks to the cold war. 1970 shocks of oil made American markets fail which made these Asian tiger to grow, 1980 made them crash and the foreign market competition in new and low market.
Industrial Revolution and Population Shift
The Industrial Revolution happened in Great Britain with a high shift in population and resource management and availability that help the state to be come extremely successful by the 18th century. The effect was the population distribution that were near Europe, and technological advancements made the innovations better that helped the market grow.
Factors of Production and Global Impact
Global impact that helped give innovation was the technology, and mechanical parts that led into agriculture. A need for jobs brought people to the urban life for new chances. Workers had union that had higher benefits for the amount of work they were giving out. Technology caused productivity, increased wealth, but cause some crisis at some economic points.
Measures of Development
Measures of development in economics are based on dollar and wealth but in the most part everything can be measured through productivity and services people will provide. Can measure economy through literacy.
Economic Indicators and Formulas
Gross Domes (GPD) that have all of the services measured.
Gross Nation Income = Measure the economic value
\text{GDP} = \text{GOODS} + \text{SERVICES}
\text{GNI} = \text{GOODS} + \text{SERVICES} + (\text{EXPORTS} - \text{IMPORTS})
High export wealth can be found, however trade defects reduce
\text{GDP per capita} = \frac{(\text{GOODS} + \text{SERVICES})}{\text{POPULATION}}
\text{GNI per capita} = \frac{[(\text{GOODS} + \text{SERVICES}) + (\text{EXPORTS} - \text{IMPORTS})]}{\text{POPULATION}}
Human Development index is measured for well state has improved compared to some states.
Gini measured value income.
Rostow's Stages of Growth
There are stages to show growth from trade to economy. Such as from the five different stages of traditional society all the way during the age of mass consumption.
Term 1: Space
Definition 1: The geometric surface of the Earth; objects are defined by their location and separated by distance.
Term 2: Place
Definition 2: A bounded space of human importance; a space with human meaning.
Term 3: Region
Definition 3: An area with homogeneous characteristics (formal), practical purpose (functional), or based on perceptions (vernacular).
Term 4: Scale
Definition 4: Relates an object or place to the Earth; the ratio of map distance to real-world distance.
Term 5: Location
Definition 5: Absolute (coordinates) or relative (compared to other places).
Term 6: Distance Decay
Definition 6: Interaction decreases with distance.
Term 7: Diffusion
Definition 7: The spreading of something from a central place, hierarchically, contagiously, or through relocation.
Term 8: Arithmetic Density
Definition 8: The number of things per square unit.
Term 9: Physiologic Density
Definition 9: The number of people per square unit of arable land.
Term 10: Culture
Definition 10: The shared experience, traits, and activities of a group.
Term 11: Nation
Definition 11: A population with a culture.
Term 12: State
Definition 12: A population under a government.
Term 13: Sovereignty
Definition 13: Independence, territory, and international recognition.
Term 14: Centripetal Forces
Definition 14: Forces