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Aggregate Demand (AD) ka matlab hai total quantity of goods and services jo economy ke different levels par kisi specific price level aur period mein demand hoti hai. Ismein chaar cheezen shamil hoti hain: consumption, investment, government spending, aur net exports. AD curve aksar downward sloping hota hai, jiska matlab hai ki jab price level kam hota hai, to demand zyada hoti hai. Ye downward slope wealth effect, interest rate effect, aur exchange rate effect ki wajah se hota hai.

  1. Components of Aggregate Demand:

    • Consumption (C): Ye households ka spending hai jo wo goods aur services par karte hain.

    • Investment (I): Ye businesses ka spending hai jo wo capital goods par karte hain jo future production ke liye istemal honge.

    • Government Spending (G): Ye government ka goods aur services par kharch hai.

    • Net Exports (NX): Ye exports aur imports ke beech ka farq hai (exports minus imports).

  2. Aggregate Supply (AS):
    AS ka matlab hai total supply of goods aur services jo firms kisi specific time period mein bechne ke liye plan kar rahe hain. Long run mein, AS curve vertical ho sakta hai jab prices flexible ho aur saare resources use hone lage, jo full employment ko dikhata hai.

  3. Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS):
    Short run mein, AS curve upward sloping hota hai kyunki higher prices se output zyada hota hai, ye fixed wages aur costs ki wajah se hota hai.

  4. Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS):
    Ye economy ke maximum sustainable output ko darshata hai, jahan sabhi resources fully employed hote hain, aur prices fully flexible hote hain. LRAS curve vertical hota hai.

  5. Shifts in Aggregate Demand and Supply:

    • Factors affecting AD: Consumer confidence mein changes, fiscal policies (jese taxes) mein changes, aur monetary policies mein changes AD curve ko shift kar sakte hain.

    • Factors affecting AS: Resource prices mein changes, technology mein improvements, aur government regulations AS curve ko shift kar sakte hain.

  6. Equilibrium:
    Ye wo point hai jahan AD aur AS curves intersect hote hain. Ye overall price level aur economy mein output ko determine karta hai. AD ya AS mein koi bhi changes inflation ya unemployment ka sabab ban sakte hain.

  7. Macroeconomic Goals Related to AD and AS:

    • Economic growth

    • Price stability (inflation control karna)

    • Low unemployment
      In goals ko achieve karne ke liye aksar AD aur AS mein adjustments kiye jaate hain, jo fiscal aur monetary measures se possible hota hai.