Containment Theory (Walter Reckless)\n* Walter Reckless proposed that crime results from a failure of control mechanisms to resist pushes (internal factors) and pulls (external factors).\n* Inner Containment: Personal attributes such as self-control, positive self-image, good judgment, and responsibility.\n* Outer Containment: Environmental factors including effective parental supervision, a sense of belonging, and reinforcement of goals.\n\n# Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi)\n* Also known as Social Bond Theory, this perspective suggests that crime occurs when an individual's bond to conventional society is weakened or broken.\n* Attachment: Sensitivity to the opinions of family, friends, and the community.\n* Commitment: Personal investment in conventional goals, such as a career.\n* Involvement: Participation in conventional activities that limits the time available for deviance.\n* Belief: The degree to which one accepts societal norms, rules, and laws.\n\n# General Theory of Crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi)\n* Asserts that low self-control is the primary cause of criminal behavior.\n* Ineffective parenting is identified as the root cause of an individual's low self-control.\n* Characterizes most ordinary crimes as requiring little skill and providing immediate gratification.