Theoretical perspectives

Functionalism

Society works like a system where each part (family, education) has a function

  • Socialisation is vital to maintain social order and value consensus

  • Durkheim- Socialisation integrates individuals into society

  • Parsons- Social institutions teach shared norms and values, ensuring stability

  • Culture is a positive force that unites people

Family’s teach children norms like respect and obedience, helping society run smoothly

Marxism

Society is based on class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat

  • Socialisation reproduces ruling class ideology and keeps the working class passive

  • Althusser- Ideological state apparatuses (like education) pass on capitalist values

  • Bowles and Gintis- The hidden curriculum prepares students for exploitation

Culture is a tool of ideological control

Media promotes consumerism, making people accept capitalism as normal

Feminism-

Society is patriarchal and benefits men

  • Socialisation reinforces gender roles and inequality

  • Oakley- Gender role socialisation happens through manipulation canalisation

  • Girls and boys are taught different norms from birth

  • Culture reflects male dominance (media stereotypes, gender roles)

Toys and media portray women as carers encouraging girls to take on nurturing roles

Postmodernism

Society is diverse and fragmented, there is no single culture or identity

  • Socialisation is influenced by media, globalisation and consumerism

  • People choose identities rather then inherit them

  • Baudrillard- Media creates hyperreality- blurred lines between real life and representation