AP CHEM FINAL

) Filtration

When is it used?: It is used to to separate homogenous mixture

What are the steps needed in order to complete this

-1: Obtainyour ingredients: Funnel, Filter paper, solution, beaker

-2: Place the funnel on your beaker

-3 Place the filter paper inside your funnel

-4: Pour thee mixture through a filter paper

-5: The liquid will pass through the filter paper and the solid will remain in the funnel

2) Paper Chromatography

When is it used?:This is used when the chemicals being mixed have varying strengths of intermolecular forces.

What are the steps needed in order to complete this?

-1Gather the necessary ingredients: a beaker filled with water, chromatography paper, an ink substance, tape, and a dropper.

-2 Begin by drawing a line at the bottom of the chromatography paper using a pencil—avoid using a pen.

-3 Next, use the dropper to place a single drop of ink above the line you just drew.

-4 Carefully insert the bottom of the paper into the beaker and secure it in place with tape.

-5 Allow the water to reach the mobile phase while the paper remains in the stationary phase. You will see the colors in the ink begin to separate.

-6 Once the process is complete, remove the paper and take a picture.

3) Distillation ( without condenser)

WHen is it used?: This s used when the substances have different boiling points.

What are the steps needed in order to complete this?:
-1 Gather the necessary ingredients: amount of ML of the solution, a graduated cylinder, a hot plate, and an Erlenmeyer flask.

-2 Measure out amount mL of the solution using the graduated cylinder

-3: Begin heating the hot plate

-4: Weigh the Erlenmeye flask and record its mass on the scale. Record this on the data table.

-5 After noting the mass, remove the flask from the scale. Carefully add the amount mL of the souton into the flask.

-6 Place the flask on the hot plate

-7 Allow the solution to evaporate until only a reside remains in the flask

-8 Finally, measure the mass of the Erlenmeye flask along with the leftover substance. record this on the data table.

-9 Create your data table

-10 Determine the concentration of the solute

-11 If given the actual mass, determine the percent error.