catholic reformation

^^the catholic “counter” reformation^^

council of trent
- would consist of the upper levels of the clergy
- they would examine the issue put in front of them and come to a solution or conclusion
- they were questioned about things the protestants were bringing up
- number of sacraments
- will i go to heaven?
- in the profession of faith issued by the council of trent*, several theological catholic beliefs were reaffirmed:*
- purgatory
  - the place where people pay for their sins in order to go to heaven
- communion
  - transubstantiation: the idea that wine = jesus’ blood and bread = jesus’ body
- decoration of the church
  - heavy decor, paintings of jesus, virgin mary, and saints, gold
- saints
  - saints exist, their bones and items related to them are important
- pope’s power
  - it’s supreme and has ultimate voice over the church
- doctrines and scripture
- this was like a push back to the protestant inquiries, they reaffirmed their beliefs and solidified everything.
- they created many seminaries to train their priests, avoid illiteracy, and
- bishops were given more control over the clergy, so if they found a clergy member doing something wrong, they had the power to discipline them
- indulgences: they were reaffirmed because the pope issued it and they can’t go back because the pope can’t be wrong, it is reigned in though, not being pushed as hard
new religious orders
- basically a group of people that live differently compared to normal civilians and have the same set of beliefs
- ignatius loyola and the society of jesus
- jesuit: follower of jesus
- ignatius loyola:
  - was a soldier
  - one of the leaders and founded the society of jesus
- spanish inquisition
  - inquisition:
  - goal to root out secret muslims or jews
  - they would torture them; the people that were targeted were jews and muslims that had converted into christianity and were accused of “sliding back into their old ways”
- index of the forbidden books
  - books that opposed the church
  - erasmus’ books
  - anything by martin luther
  - books from other religions
  - anything that was critical of the church
  - used anywhere that was a catholic country

^^art of the catholic reformation^^

baroque
- early pieces were supposed to teach others about the glory and power of the church
- supposed to elicit a reaction from the viewers
- dramatic, emotion
- goal is to involve the viewer
- differences between catholic baroque and protestant baroque
characteristics of baroque
- neglect of rules
- radiant colors
- light (contrast between light and dark)
- vividness
- symmetry