Euro unit 3
Louis 14
Prior to Louis——> Weak kings
A French tradition
Fleur de Lis (lily Flower)———> French monarchy symbol
Charles the 7th is an example of weak kings.
Forgettable and weak kings.
Louis XIII —> Forgetable king (Louis 14th dad)
Cardinal Richelieu ran the French more than the king himself. (Louis the 13th)
(Chief Minister)
Father figure for Louis the 14th
Louis the 13th might not be the real father. Wasn’t the best father figure, he cheated on his wife prob. Might be Cardinal Richelieu (Rumor)
Louis XIII wife the Queen Anne of Austria gave birth to 4 stillborn children.
Louis XIII prayed and dedicated France to Mother Mary
After, miracle Baby Louis-Dieudonné, The god given aka Louis the 14th, was born.
Mama’s Boy, Anne of Austria doted (spoiled) her son. Made sure to let him know that he was special.
Louis the 13th died and his son at 4 years old became king, but he couldn’t since he was young son his mother was Queen Regent.
Cardinal Mazarin, Chief Minister of France, pulls the string in France.
The Fronde (Sling)
Series of rebellions, the nobles and townspeople rebelled against Cardinal Mazarin. Tried to kill Louis the 14th
Revolution!!
Louis wins many of the rebellions, made sure that rebellions were stopped.
His ego grows every year BIG EGO
Came to be known as the: Sun king
“You can’t live and survive without me”
L’etat c’est moi ——> I am the state, France is him
Un roí—> One King
Louis puts the nobles in their place and suppress their powers
System of influence the nobility that nobles have to follow
Versailles: tool to control the nobility.
Monopoly based Economy.
Diff types of nobility:
Swords: Nobles , old nobles, they have been in their position for centuries.
Robe: nobles, New nobility , granted their nobility.
Sales of titles and offices. Saw this as a independent revenue
Unnecessary: Luis had to convene the Estates general the king’s advisory representative body
Never against Louis bc he never called them to work.
Estates general would never convene until 1789
Une loí—> One Law
The code Louis: Attempted to standardize the law in France, which were based on regional customs.
Une foi—> One faith
Edict of Nantes, toleration for Huguenots in some French towers.
Hates Huguenots, illegal from them practicing Calvinism ,
Edict of Fontainebleau: Louis revokes edict of nantes
Gallicanism: the pope has no power over political powers.
Not against Catholicism, wanted everyone to be catholic
Above all he was KING. Obsessed being the sole power of France.
His last words: “I am leaving you, but the state remains forever”
Prussian aka Frederick’s
1. Militarism
At one point Prussians were apart of the Holy Roman Empire.
“Neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”
Voltaire
HRE: Confederation
Prussia used to be Brandenburg
Sand box of the Holy Roman Empire: 30 years war: people ( ex: Swedish) entered the HRE to fight.
Brandenburg and Prussia are sisters lands, they are separate.
Most prominent family: The Hohenzollern Dynasty “The Fredericks”
Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688)
The “Great Elector” Father of Prussian Absolutism
Frederick William, The Great electors” Son”
Frederick William I
The “Soldier King”
Soldatenkönig
His son: Frederick II
-military standards —> “Soldier King”
Frederick II “the Great”
Enlightened Absolutist
Friend of Volitaire
Apparently he was Gay
Militarism: number one motive of Prussian Society
12th largest population
4th Largest Army.
Armies from Russia to the United States adopted the Prussian drill model
Baron von Steuben:
Trained Washington’s continental army in Prussian style drill.
Sparta of the North: Sparta in Greece was a military state
Discipline: Calvinist (no fun club), no operas, ballets
Frederick William I: Attacks Louis the 14th for having mistresses
Potsdam Giants: 6’2 or taller, intentionally-recruited regiment of tall soldiers.
Ecw
Stuart Absolutism and the English civil war Taxation has to be approved by parliament
The Stuarts
James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II
Cromwell dictatorship
Central Issues 1. Enforcement of State Religion 2. Kings Power to tax (taxation controlled by parliament) 3. Who is Sovereign?
James vi Scotland, dropped title when he became king, (James I)
He is a traditional absolutist, believes in divine right
Jamestown colony: First Permanent English Settlement in N.America
The Stuart line is Anglican
The Gunpowder Plot
11/5 ant catholic holiday
James focused on enforcing Anglicanism (religious uniformity)
King James Bible, it become illegal to have your own bible everyone must have King James Bible
English Protestants
Anglican’s, (happy how James the first is handling europe) Calvinist, (not satisfied with the church if England, too catholic)
Charles I (James son)
Ship money, Charles used a tax already existed for costal cities and applied it to everyone.
Petition of right a deceleration of rights passed by parliament in response to Charles abuse of power
In order for parliament to meet together the king has to make the initiation, they are not allowed to meet without it. Charles does call them for 11 years. He ignores parliament
1640 short parliament, first attempt in 11 yrs, they say no, he immediately ends parliment afterwords, he needs gov funding. He has a second attempt to conduct parliment, this time the parliment rebels against king and doesn’t respond to him saying to leave these leads to the English civil war
James I aims for the consolidation of all English holdings
England, wales, Scotland, Ireland= UK
Not English= you hate the monarchy
Creates the king James bible (Anglican based) 1611
England religion:
After James dies, his son Charles I, he was more Absolutisim.
Taxes is a big issue
Ship money
Charles used a tax, that already existe, applied to coastal cities that applied it to everyone.
Petition Of Right, 1628
-ends ship money
Parliment is the only body that can charge taxes.
1640
Short parliment
Long Parliment
Charles goes through 11 years of personal rule, not calling parliment
Struggles with Scotland, he needs the funds from parliment.
Short parliment
Long parliment: parliment refuses him and tries to disband parliment. Outbreak of the civil war.
English civil warm
1642-1651
Cavalier: supports the king
Roundhead: supported of the Parliment, led by Oliver Crum
Parliamentary forces.
They try to make charles to agree with parliment.
Charles tries to escape from parliamentary forces
Decision made for charles to no longer live: publicly behead charles I
End of Stuart absolutism and the English civil war
Family fled to France
Interregnum:“Between Kings”
Oliver Cromwell “Lord protector”
Military dictatorship: Strict puritanical rule
Puritans control parliament
Protestant toleration
De-Catholicising of the Anglican Church
No more Christmas: restricted the traditional celebrations of Christmas, which featured 12 days of drinking feasting and idleness.
The restoration: the monarchy
Sons of Charles I:
Charles II
James II
Charles II
Return from exile: 1660
Charles the II: Merry the Monarch
Deceleration of indulgence: non-enforcement of laws against Catholics and non-Catholics
Rumor: Very Pro Catholic
Parliment is still very Catholic
Catholic resurgence
Entrenched Protestantism
Test acts : acts for preventing dangers which may happen from popish recusants
All office holders were required to be apart of the Anglican Church
Charles II :
Abolition of feudal dues
Royal allowance: parliament pays the monarchy an amount each year in lieu of land taxes
Charles and Louis 14th are BFF’s: alliance at the secret treaty of Dover
Double team the Dutch
Charles would get money form Louis in return for joining his wars against the Dutch
Charles II without legitamate issue although he acknowledged at least a dozen illegitamate children
Converted to Catholicism on his deathbed.
Charles the II’s brother becomes the king of England
He was very pro Catholic
Known as the Papist: supports the pope.
Exclusion crisis:
Tories vs whigs
Tories: favored the succession of James to the English throne
Whigs: wanted to exclude James from the succession.
Violence: Whigs start a rebellion
Monmouth Rebellion (1685)
Bloody Assizes: over 1,000 executed or deported to the West Indies for treason
Over 200 hanged, drawn and quartered.
James II SUSPENDS the Test acts
James is also an absolutist.
James has a child and it’s a boy. Born in 1688. Sparked a new succession crisis.
England is worried a Catholic dynasty is going to happen.
Daughter of James, Mary Stuart, Marries William III, Prince of Orange, stadholder of Netherlands.
They are selected for the throne bc: they are not Catholic.
Parliament wants a monarch that does nothing and lets parliament take care of everything.
They are First cousins.
William III accepts the invitation
Parliament asks William III to invade England.
Glorious revolution 1688
Run off by parliament
Throne Vacant
Very little bloodshed.
Joint monarchs: William III and Mary II
Anglo Dutch alliance against Louis XIV
English bill of rights 1689
Never have an overpowered monarch
Established parliamentary supremacy.
Parliament is a Sovereignty body.
The Rise of Russia:
Countries in E Europe:
Prussia: Germany before it became Germany
Russia: Muscovy
Poland: elective monarchy
Hapsburg Monarchy
Ottoman Empire: Islam
Grand Duchy of Muscovy 1283-1547
Had to deal with the Mongols aka Mongola
Tributary State:
Muscovite princes had to pay tribute to the Mongol Empire until 1480
threatened them with ruining ? or paying them tribute
1480 mongols retreated leaving Moscovy to be an independent Kingdom.
Ivan the III:
Proclaimed Moscovy to be independent in 1480.
Close identity with the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church: no affiliation to the pope
Byzantine is the countinuzation of the Roman Empire
Tsar (Variant of Ceasar) another word for king.
Autocracy: tsars were absolutists before absolutisim was even a thing.
Diff groups of classes:
Eurasia: part of Russia is on this
Culture identity problem
Ivan the IV: “The Terrible” 1533-1584
Tsar vs Boyars
Russia is considered to be backwards
Peter the great: Tsar of Russia 1672- 1725
W: Peter reign can be summed up with one letter
Westernization: ADAPTATION OF WESTERN CULTURE VALUES IDEAS OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIALTLE NORMS
Took the step of taking a Euro trip.
Wanted to see what he could see to change Russia literally traveled all over the world
6’5 or 6’6
Got drunk and partied a lot
Wanted to bring stuff from Europe to change Russia
Warm Water Ports: Russia is cold
Ports only used during the warm periods bc it is always cold
Warm water ports were surround by enemies.
Military Refom:
Peter created a professional military force based on the Prussian model.
Peter is an example of Absolutism.
Cultural revolution:
Russia is outdated
Enforced new policies on his people
One thing men were encouraged to do was to grow out their facial hair
Attempted to ban beards:
Outlawed Beards
People almost got into a civil war.
Puts a beard tax
Education
Peter Paid the sons of Russian nobles to study abroad in Western Europe
Resistance to westernization rule.
Streltsy Rebellion: military rebels against peter the great bc he wanted to change the military
Voltaire: peter used any means necessary in the rebellion his answer was death.
Streltsy was banded
Peter and the Catholic Church. Influenced by Louis the 14
Monarchy and church shouldn’t combine
Russian Orthodox Church banned the use of tobacco, a western import.
Church reforms:
peter dispanded the patriarch and produced the synod
Synods: Council of Bishops
No more figure head.
Peter got to pick who were the leaders themselves.
1917: patriarch get reinstated
Service nobility: wasn’t fond of the nobility that was inherited.
Ability to become a noble: service and adherence to his rules
Resets and everyone starts at the bottom
Table ranks: 14 ranks.
Some get to the top
Meritocracy
Eran your position
AZOV CAMPAIN
First attempt was a fail
Peter returned the following spring supported by a fleet of ships.
Father of the Russian Navy.
The great Northen War: russia vs Sweden
1700-1721
Charles XII King of Sweden
Battle of Narva 1700
Peter Defeated
Battle of Poltava 1709, peter wins
Peter build a city called st, Petersburg
Russia’s “Window to the West”
1725 peter dies
Hobbes vs Locke
Setting: grew up in the ECW
#1 = how should the government deal with their people in regards to freedom?
Very influential in English history
Jacques bossuet: wrote a book I abt ?
Thomas Hobbes: Created concept of Social Contract.
1. What is the origin of gov.?
2. How much authority should the state have over the individual?
Going to attempt to answer them using Leviathan (1651) Defense of Philisophical Absolutism
How social contract works: gov. Must acknowledge and respect rights of people.
If broken or violated people have the right to rebel.
Leviathan: a ruler should be powerful enough to be beyond challenged. Would help us from destroying each other.
Believed absolutist gov. Were good.
Human nature: that we are selfish
John Locke: grew up in the civil war
Two treaties of Government (1689)
Defense of constitutionalism
Natural Rights
Hobbes: every human is born with natural rights
Every human has the rights to:
Life
Liberty
Property (usa it is prosperity)
If not respected, give the people the right to revolt