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health education specialist
an individual who has met, at a minimum, baccalaureate-level required health education academic preparation qualifications, who serves a variety of settings, and is able to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
health
a constellation of factors-economic, social, political, ecological, and physical-that add up to health, high-quality lives for individuals and communities
health education
any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors
community health
the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health
public health
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, communities, and individuals
health promotion
any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
wellness
whereby an individual actively seeks a collection of prevention practices and processes in which all dimensions of that person's health are addressed to achieve optimal well-being and minimize conditions of illness
global health
placing priority on improving health and achieving equity for all people worldwide
population health
a cohesive, integrated, and comprehensive approach to health care that considers the distribution of health outcomes within a population, the health determinants that influence distribution of care, and the policies and interventions that affect and are affected by the determinants
epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems
rate
a measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a specified period of time
death rate
the number of deaths per 100,000 resident population, sometimes referred to as mortality or fatality rates, are probably the most frequently used means of quantifying the seriousness of injury of disease
crude rate
rate expressed for a total population
adjusted rate
expressed for total population but is statistically adjusted for a certain characteristic, such as age
specific rate
a rate for a particular population subgroup such as for a particular disease or for a particular age of people
chain of infection model
a model used to explain the spread of a communicable disease from one host to another
pathogenic transmission of illness
They can be spread through skin contact, bodily fluids, airborne particles, contact with feces, and touching a surface touched by an infected person.
communicable disease model
the minimal requirements for the presence and spread of a communicable disease in a population
elements of communicable disease model
-agent which is the element that must be present for a disease to spread
host is any susceptible organism that can be invaded by the agent -environment is all other factors that either prohibit or promote disease transmission
multi-causation disease model
diseases that manifest themselves in people over a period of time and are not caused by a single factor but by combined factors
element of multi-causation disease model
-genetics -behavioral choices -environmental conditions, social circumstances, and medical care
health field concept
a framework that would subdivide the concept into principal elements so that the elements could be studied
determinants of health
genetics, individual behavior, social circumstances, environmental and physical influences, health services
primary prevention
changing health behaviors to reduce future disease incidence
examples of primary prevention
washing you hands or getting the flu vaccine
secondary prevention
early diagnosis of a disease condition
examples of secondary prevention
Self breast exams, yearly cancer screenings, proper management of diabetes
tertiary prevention
treatment of a disease condition to reduce complications or disability
examples of tertiary prevention
physical therapy for stroke patients or fitness programs for heart attack patients
socioecological approach
a multilevel, interactive approach that examines how physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence behaviors and conditions
early humans
-learned by trial and error to distinguish between things that were healthful and those that were harmful
the result of learning by observation and trial and error were eventually turned into rules and taboos -because so much was not known about health, diseases, and death, they were explained, in part, as acts of evil spirits and gods
ancient society(Egyptians)
-primitive medicine due, in part, to priest-physicians -known for personal cleanliness -had drainage systems, each privies, and pharmaceutical preparations
ancient society(hebrews)
-extended Egyptian hygienic thought -formulated probably the world's first hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus
ancient society(greeks)
-first to put emphasis on disease prevention -balance among physical, mental, and spiritual
asclepius
the god of medicine
panacea
the daughter of asclepius who was given the ability to teat disease
hygeia
the daughter of asclepius who was given the power to prevent disease
asclepiads
Brotherhood that broke away from priests to practice medicine based on more rational principles
Caduceus
the staff and serpent of the physician, was a symbol of the temples of asclepius
Hippocrates
-developed theory of disease causation -taught that health was the result of balance and disease the result of imbalance -distinguished between endemic and epidemic diseases -first epidemiologist and father of medicine
ancient society(romans)
-great engineers, builders, and administrators -first to build hospitals set up public medical services -aqueduct and underground sewer systems -developed a system of private medical practices -furthered the work of the greeks in the study of anatomy and the practice of surgery
Middle Ages
-period of political and social unrest -health advance of previous cultures lost -little emphasis on cleanliness or hygiene -cleanliness was unimportant to those practicing the new religion(Christianity) -spread of leprosy by lepers -bubonic plague(Black Death) killed 20 to 35 million people -concept of disease contagion became more universally accepted
renaissance
-characterized by gradual rebirth of thinking about the world and humankind in a more naturalistic and holistic fashion science reemerged as legitimate field of inquiry, numerous scientific advancements -disease and plague still ravaged Europe -medical care was rudimentary; bloodletting was a major form of treatment -barbers performed much of the surgery and dentistry because they had sharp instruments -disposal of human waste and severe uncleanliness were common problems -systematic inquiry slowly replaced superstitions of the Middle Ages
Age of Enlightenment (1700's)
-period of revolution, industrialization, and growth of cities -health education/promotion had still not emerged as a profession
miasmas theory
disease caused from the vapors (or miasmas) coming from rotting refuse
Dr. James Lind
discovered scurvy could be controlled by lime juice
Dr. Edward Jenner
discovered a vaccine for smallpox
1800's
-little happens in first half of the century to improve the public's health -overcrowding and industrialization caused many public health problems
Dr. John Snow
removes pump handle and discovered source of cholera epidemic
Louis Pasteur
proposed germ theory of disease
20th century
-Healthy People objectives -access to health care and Healthy People objectives -access to health care -studies on factors that drive the cost of health care
philosophy
a statement summarizing the attitudes, principles, beliefs, values, and concepts held by an individual or a group
importance of philosophy
without philosophy, a person may fall into the trap of thinking that opinion is the same as fact when this happens it becomes much more difficult for a person, regardless of occupation, to be open to new ideas or concepts
health philosophies
the mind and body disappear as recognizable realities and in their stead comes the acknowledgment of a whole being...man is essentially a unified integrated organism
cognitive-based philosophy
A health education program that emphasizes increased learning and knowledge gains
behavior change philosophy
involves a health education specialist using behavioral contracts, goal setting, and self-monitoring to try to foster a modification of an unhealthy habit in an individual with whom they are working
freeing/functioning philosophy
philosophy emphasizes people making the best health decisions based on their needs and interests
social change
emphasizes the role of health education specialists in creating social, economic, and political change that benefits the health of individuals and groups
eclectic health education/promotion philosophy
any health education/promotion approach that seems appropriate to the situation
concept
the primary elements of theories
theory
a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations
model
a composite, a mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together
construct
a concept that has been developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
why use theory?
theory helps organize various forms of knowledge so that they take on meaning that would not occur if the pieces of knowledge were presented in isolation
what is generalized planning model?
a model that contains the following five tasks assessing needs, setting goals/objectives, developing interventions, implementing interventions, and evaluating results
characteristics of intrapersonal behavior change
focus on factors within individuals such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, self-concept, developmental history, past experiences, motivation, skills, and behavior
Health Belief Model (HBM)
concern for health, susceptibility and perceived thread, cost of reducing barriers
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
beliefs and attitudes related to behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
attitudes, judgements, thought processes; continuum theory,peripheral and central routes of thought;variables affect attitudes
Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model (IMB)
HIV education
Transtheoretical Model of Change
stages of chage, decisional balance, self-efficacy, processes of change
Precaution Adoption Process Model
decision theory; quick deliberate actions
characteristics interpersonal theories
the opinions, thoughts, behavior, advice, and support of the people surrounding an individual influence his or her feelings and behavior, and the individual has a reciprocal effect on those people
social cognitive theory
asserts that the social environment, the personal characteristics of the individual, and behavior interact and influence each other
social network theory
social network refers to the "person-centered web of social relationships" and this term was sued to describe villagers' social relationships and characteristics that were not traditional social units like families
Social Capital Theory
Social capital is a collective asset, a feature of communities rather than the property of individuals. As such, individuals both contribute to it and use it, but they cannot own it
PRECEDE-PROCEED
social, epidemiological, education and ecological assessments with implementation and evalution
intervention mapping
needs assessment, objectives, theory, production, adoption/implementation
CDCynergy
health communications; 6 phases
SMART
marketing applied to analysis, planning, execution, evaluation
MAPP
local health depts.; visioning and community assessments; strategic issues; partnerships
generalized model
pre-planning; needs, goals, objectives, interventions, evaluation
characteristics of all planning models
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steps in planning models
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