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developmental psychology
study how people change over the lifespan
maturation
changes that appear to be learned but are part of cognitive physical development
example of maturation
sitting up and rolling over
cognitive development
how do we think
socioemotional development
social interactions + emotional control relationships and feelings
critical period
maximally sensitive to environmental influence
example of critical period
being exposed to people speaking as a baby
continuity
change gradually
stages
change abruptly
behavioral genetics
address how much is inherited vs. learned
biopsychosocial perspective
combines all perspectives
cross-sectional
measures groups of people of different ages at a single point in time
longitudinal
measures a single group at different points in time
cross-sequential
measures groups of people of different ages following them across different points in time
chromosome
thread-like coiled chain of DNA (one molecule)
gene
small segments of DNA; code for proteins
germinal period
0-2 wks; rapid cell division
embryonic period
3-8 wks; start to look humanist
sensitive period
are influenced by environment but changes can sometimes be reversed
teratogens
irreversible changes on structure
fetal period
9 wks to birth; teratogens affect function at this stage
Brain vs. body
Brain develops much faster than body
pruning
trimming brain branches not needed
infantile amnesia
hippocampus isn't developed until age 3 or 4
Piaget
stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
sensing and manipulating schemas-assimilation, accommodation; cognitive equilibrium; object permanence; theory of mind; stranger anxiety
theory of mind
allows us to infer that other people have intentions, feelings, and thoughts
pre operational (2-7 yrs)
symbolic pre logical thought; egocentrism; conservation
example of conservation
little boy picking which glass has more
egocentrism
unable to see the world through someone else's mind
concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
logical thought limited through concrete reality; can't think hypothetically or abstractly
example of concrete operational
finding out Santa Claus ins't real
formal operational (11+yrs)
abstract and hypothetical thinking; moral reasoning; may be limited to areas of expertise or special interest
temperament
inborn emotional excitability
attachment
emotional bond between infant and caregiver
harry harlow
discovered the role of contact comfort and food in attachment through monkeys
mary ainsworth
created the strange situation test for child and mother
secure attachment
explore and use mom as base mildly upset when mom leaves
avoidant attachment
explore but avoid mom+stranger no response when mom leaves
ambivalent attachment
not decided one way or another baby clings to mom and doesn't explore severe distress when mom leaves and hard to comfort when she comes back
erik erickson
psychosocial stages of development
infant (birth to 1 year old)
trust vs. mistrust
toddler (1 to 3 years old)
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
preschool age (3 to 5 years old)
initiative vs. guilt
elementary school age (5-12 years old
industry vs. inferiority
adolescence (13 to early 20s)
identity vs. role confusion
early adulthood (20s and 30s)
intimacy vs. isolation
middle adulthood (40s and 50s)
generatively vs. stagnation
late adulthood (60s and beyond)
ego integrity vs. despair
lawrence kolberg
three levels of morality
preconventional morality (up to 9 yrs)
external consequences based on punishers and rewards rules not yet internalized
conventional morality
conformity to social influence seek social approval have now internalized these rules
post conventional morality
determined by experiences and judgment may not be in agreement with the law guided by internalized ideals
authoritarian
high in control; low in responsiveness results in fearful child with low self esteem and bad school performance
permissive neglectful
low in control; low in responsiveness results in aggressive, impulsive and insecurely attached child with low school motivation and disturbed relationships
permissive indulgent
low in control; responsive to child warm and accepting but no rules results in an immature, self-centered child
authoritative
high in control; high in responsiveness results in cheerful, socially competent child with higher self esteem, self control, and better school outcomes best style
crystalized intelligence
facts/general knowledge
fluid intelligence
practice/experience/problem solving/abstract thinking declines with age
personality
unique and relatively stable of how you think, feel, and behave
character
value judgement about morality
temperament
inborn excitability
psychodynamic perspective
personality develops early in life
sigmund freud
sex and aggression
free association
try to get "patient" to talk
catharsis
reduction of tension
id
irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality
ego
rational, playful, mediating dimension of personality
superego
moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality
repression
pushes anxiety arousing impulses into unconscious ex: sexual abuse
displacement
impulses redirected toward a safer substitute ex: kicking the dog after being angry at your boss
sublimation
impulses released in a socially acceptable behavior ex: DaVinci's "Madonnas" reflecting desire for mother
rationalization
justifying actions with a false buy plausible explanation ex: cheating on wife because she doesn't understand you
projection
attributes one's own unacceptable impulses onto others' behavior ex: female accuses coworker of flirting
denial
refusal to acknowledge anxiety-provoking info ex: having a terminal illness
identification
modeling feelings and behaviors based on another person ex: during the phallic stage
reaction formation
exaggerated expression of the opposite behavior ex: young boys teasing girls
regression
retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage ex: sucking thumb
compensation
substitute superiority in one are to make up for a perceived deficit ex: man drives expensive sports car
freud's psychosexual stages
older adults probably lack genitals
oral stage
pleasure through mouth
anal stage
potty training
phallic stage
fully developed personality sexual urges
latency period
dormant sexual urges