ANS 001 Midterm 2

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What is the top dairy state in the U.S.?

What is the top dairy state in the U.S.?

California has the highest overall annual milk production

What is the number one agricultural commodity in California?

Milk

Do dairy cattle tend to be crossbred?

Generally purebreds

What kind of operation is the dairy industry?

Intensive, or more confined, operation

What is the most common method for breeding dairy cattle?

Artificial Insemination

What are the breeds of dairy cattle?

Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire, Milking Shorthorn

Holstein Cattle (Dairy)

• The majority of dairy cattle in the US

• Black and white (but can also be red and white)

Jersey Cattle (Dairy)

• Very light gray or mouse color to very dark fawn or darker

Guernsey Cattle (Dairy)

• Light red or fawn-colored with white

Brown Swiss Cattle (Dairy)

• Originally developed in the Swiss Alps

• Triple purpose breed (milk, meat, draft

Ayrshire Cattle (Dairy)

• Solid gray or brown with light-colored band around muzzle

Milking Shorthorn Cattle (Dairy)

• Dual-purpose breed

• Red and white, or roan

Dairy Cattle Production Cycle

Dairy Cattle Lactation Period

305 days

Dairy Cattle Dry Period

45-60 days

How many times do dairy cows calf a year?

Preferabll

Dry Cow

A cow that is not producing milk

Fresh Cow

A cow that has recently given birth to a calf

Springer

• A heifer within 2-3 months of calving

• Her belly and udder are “springing” into shape

California Mastitis Test (CMT)

To check for clinical mastitis, milk from each t will be put into a paddle with different sections. A small amount of the test reagant is added to the milk. If the milk is positive, it’ll become become a jelly-like substance, if not the consistency will remain the same.

What does gel formation mean in the California Mastitis Test?

The degree of gel formation is an indication of the leucocyte count of the milk

Scours

Diarrhea in calves

Anatomy of Dairy Cattle

Udder Anatomy

The udder consists of four “quarters. The udder is suspected by a medial suspensory ligament. Milk is removed from teats. Epithelial cells lining the alveoli (grape-like structures) secrete milk into the hollow lumen of each alveolus. Groups of alveoli are referred as lobules. Groups of lobules are called lobes. Milk travels from the lumen of the alveoli to the gland cistern, then can be removed from the teat cistern.

Breeding Cycle of Dairy Cattle

1. Puberty: Heifers 9-14 months; Bulls 10-12 months

2. Estrous Cycle: 21 days (19-23)

3. Estrus: Lasts 2.5-28 hours

4. Signs of Heat: Stands to be mounted, may mount other cows, highly vocal, nervousness, mucus discharge from vulva

5. Gestation: 281 days average

What do dairy cattle rations consist of?

• Roughages (hay, silages, pasture)

• Concentrates (corn, whole cottonseed)

What are dry cows fed?

Hay or allowed to graze on fresh pasture

Bloat

• Not an actual disease but can cause widespread discomfort and death

• Sign: swelling to abnormal proportions of the left side of the animal

What feeds produce bloat in ruminant animals?

• Legume pastures

• Alfalfa hay

• High-concentrate feeds

Solutions for Bloat

• Encouraging the animal to work

• Passing a tube down the esophagus

• Last Resort: puncture the rumen using a tocar

Milk Fever

Occurs shortly after calving due to a deficiency of calcium brought on by the rapid demand for milk production

What is California leading in?

The most for dairy goats

What is Texas leading in?

The most for meat and mohair goats

List the dairy goat breeds.

Alpine, Nubian, Saanen, Toggenburg, La Mancha, Oberhasli

List the meat goat breeds.

Boer

List the hair goat breeds.

Angora

Alpine Goat (Dairy)

• Erect ears

• White, gray, brown, and black coat mixtures

Nubian Goat (Dairy)

• Long, droopy ears

• Roman nose

• Black and tan mix coat color

Saanen Goat (Dairy)

• Erect ears

• Usually white

Toggenburg Goat (Dairy)

• Erect ears

• Body smaller in size than other breeds

• Shade of brown with white stripes down face

• May have beard

La Mancha Goat (Dairy)

• Short or no ear flaps

• Any color of combination of colors

Oberhasli Goat (Dairy)

• Erect ears

• Color ranging from a light sandy tone to deep, reddish brown

• Black stripes on face and from base of each ear connecting to a dorsal stripe

Boer Goat (Meat)

• Lop ears

• White with a red/brown head

Angora Goat (Hair)

• Raised for mohair

• Dual purpose breed (hair and meat)

What are dairy goats’ lactation period?

Can range from about 230 days to 20 months

Buck

Mature, intact male goat

Doe

Mature female goat

Kid

Young goat

• Female - doeling

• Male - buckling/buck kid

Wether

Castrated male goat

Anatomy of Dairy Goat

Dairy Goat Breeding Cycle

• Puberty: 120 days - 1 year

• Estrous Cycle: 21 days (19-23)

• Seasonally Polyestrous: Late Summer to early Fall or late Fall to early Winter

  • Starting 60 days after the longest day of the year

• Signs of Heat

  • Standing to be mounted

  • Swollen, red vulva and mucus discharge

  • Bleating

  • Shaking of tail

• Gestation: 150 days

How are dairy goats bred?

• Hand-Mating: bringing the doe to the buck for a single service only (typical method)

• A.I. is also used

What does a lactating doe’s nutrition consist of?

• High-quality roughage: high-quality alfalfa hay (or pasture)

• Concentrate feed: corn, oats, barley, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal

What does a dry doe’s nutrition consist of?

• Good-quality roughage alone

• Or Mixed with concentrates if poorer quality

Diseases Goats are Prone To

• Pneumonia

  • Cause: Viral and bacterial agents that infect the lungs due to stressors (weaning, transport, or poor quality)

  • Symptoms: fever along with coughing

• Coccidiosis

  • Cause: Species specific protozoa called “coccidia” that are present in every animal and in the environment

  • Symptoms: diarrhea, poor growth, rough coat, loss of appetite

  • Solutions: Coccidiostats (additives in feed, not antibiotics)

• Clostridial Disease

  • Type C (bloody scours), Type D (pulpy kidney or overeating disease), and Type D (tetanus) are deadly in goats

  • Solutions: Can be vaccinated and immunity can be passed down from a doe to her kid for up to 8 weeks after kidding

  • Symptoms: C - diarrhea; D - uncoordinated movements; T - rigidness

Who are the largest producers of beef?

China and Brazil

What is the dental formula for cattle?

0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3

What animal has the same dental formula as cattle?

Sheep

What is the dental retention in cattle?

1. Incisor pair 1, erupts at 1.5-2 years

2. Incisor pair 2, erupts at 2.5-3 years

3. Incisor pair 3, erupts at 3.5-5 years

4. Incisor pair 4, erupts at 4.5-5 years

5. By 5 years, everything is in tact

6. After 6 years, cattle progressively lose their teeth

Colostrum

First milk coming from cow to calf that has a high concentration of antibodies (ie. Passive Transfer → Passive Immunity)

How are antibodies created?

Immune cells create antibodies from contracting illnesses or fighting the pathogens in vaccines

What happens during the first 12-24 hours of a calf’s life?

1. “Leaky System” - digestive system readily absorbs anything the calf consumes

2. Reticular Groove - milk by passes the rumen via the R. groove

3. Abomasum - milk quickly passes through

4. Small Intestine - antibodies get absorbed into the bloodstream

What happens around the time the calf gets weaned?

1. The calf progressively starts to eat more and more roughage

2. Microbes start accumulating in the rumen

3. The rumen gradually becomes an active intestine in the calf’s digestive system

   1. The length and size of the papillae increases

What is the purpose of feedlots?

To increase production of beef cattle by making their tissue develop faster

How do feedlots make beef cattle develop faster?

• Access to high quality feedstuffs

  • Corn → Starch → Carbs → ↑ Energy

• Typically closer to processing plants

• Ad libitum: “As much as you can eat”

What is the ADG of beef cattle in feedlots?

1.5-2.0 kg/day

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

Amount Gained/Amount Fed = FRC x

How do cattle release methane into the atmosphere?

Consume Forages → Rumen → Anaerobic → Microbes → Methane → Burped Out

How is the production of methane being reduced in cattle?

• Fed monensins

  • Decrease the amount of protozoa (microbes) in the rumen

  • Exs: Seaweed & other chemicals

What blood categories are horses categorized into?

Hotbloods, Warmbloods, Coldbloods

What are the colors of horses?

• Bay: brown body with black mane, tail, and lower legs

• Black: no brown areas, including on the muzzle/flanks

• Chestnut: a red horse with a mane and tail close to the same shade as the body

• White: born white and stays white throughout life, has pink skin

• Gray: born any color, gradually graying until completely white, has black skin

• Buckskin: yellow body with black mane, tail, and legs.

• Palomino: golden color body with light mane and tail

• Overo: a color pattern. White will not cross the back between the withers and tail, white spots are irregular or splashy, tail is generally one color

• Tobiano: a color pattern. Head markings are like those of a solid-colored horse, spots are often rounded, tail is frequently two colors

• Roan: white hairs intermingled with one or more basic coat colors

What are some of the major gaits (the ways they walk) of horses?

• Walk: a four-beat gait; all four feet strike the ground independently of one another. The sequence of the hoof beats is 1) left hind, 2) left fore, 3) right hind), 4) right fore

• Trot: a two-beat gait; each pair of diagonal feet hit and leave the ground in unison. All four feat are suspended off the ground between beats.

• Gallop: a four-beat gait; if the lead is the left,

List the light horse breeds.

What are the purpose of light horse breeds?

Generally used for riding, racing, or driving

Thoroughbred Horse

• Excel at racing, polo, hunter-jumper, etc…

• Known for their fineness of conformation, high withers, and straight, long, well-muscled legs, and slight slope of croup

Quarter Horse

• Most popular breed in the U.S.

• Used as a stock horse, for racing, and pleasure riding

• Can sprint short distances faster than any other breed

• Well-muscled, with small ears, wide-set eyes and sloping shoulder, with a broad chest and hindquarters

Arabian Horse

• Used as show horses, for endurance, racing, and pleasure riding

• Has a pronounced dished face, prominent forehead, large eyes, and short-flat croup

Morgan House

• Known for their endurance, manageability, and versatility

• Generally a smaller breed of light horse

Appaloosa Horse

• 4 Breed Characteristics: 1) coat color pattern, 2) mottled skin, 3) white sclera of the eye, and 4) vertical black and white striped hooves

List the Heavy Horse Breeds.

Clydesdale, Percheron, Belgian

What are the characteristics of Heavy Horse Breeds?

• Draft Horses

• Coldbloods

• Wide, strong, and heavy

Clydesdale Horse Breed

• Coldblood

• A Scottish breed made famous in the U.S. by Budweiser

• Bay is the most common color, usually with white leg and face markings, and feathered legs

• Traditionally used for farm work

• Now used for show, driving, or pleasure riding

Percheron Horse

• Coldblood

• Mainly black or gray in color

Belgian Horse

• Coldblood

• Bay, chestnut, ad roan are the most common colors

• Most Belgians have a flaxen mane and tail with a white blaze on the face