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What particles cannot diffuse across the membrane?
-Large uncharged polar molecules
Carbohydrates/Lipids
CHO
Amino Acids
CHONS
Nucleic Acids
CHONPS
saturated fatty acid
Straight, H atoms all the way around
unsaturated fats
Bent, double bond between oxygen prevents H-atoms all around
Protein Structure
central carbon (C), carboxyl, amine, hydrogen, R-group
Water Properties
-High Heat Capacity -Adhesion -Cohesion -Low Vapor pressure -High Solvency -Ice Floats
Monomer
A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Dehydration Synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
phosphodiester bond
Bond of Nucleic acids (Covalent) -Between phosphate and sugar (COPOC)
Peptide Bonds
Bonds between amino acids (Covalent) -Between carboxyl and amine (NCCNCC)
Glycosidic Bonds
bonds between monosaccharides (Covalent)
Parts of nucleic acid
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Hydrophobic
Lipids are...
Phospholipid
-Hydrophobic tail -Hydrophilic Head -Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group
Hydroxyl
3'
Phosphate
5'
How many bonds between A and T?
2 hydrogen bonds
How many bonds between C and G ?
3 hydrogen bonds
Primary structure
polypeptide chain linked by peptide bonds
Secondary Structure
-A-pleated helix -B-Sheets -Between everything but R-group
Tertiary Strutcure
-Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interaction -Only R-Group
Purine
-2 ring -Adenine, guanine
Pyrimidine
-1 ring -cytosine, uracil, thymine
DNA more/less oxygen
less
RNA has more/less oxygen
more
CHON
96% of all living things
Polar Covalent
unequal sharing of electrons
Non-polar covalent
equal sharing of electrons
Ionic
transfer of electrons
What subcellular components do all cells have?
-Ribosomes
-Genome
What subunits make up Ribosomes?
Large and Small
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains ribosomes, and synthesizes proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Detoxification, lipid synthesis
Golgi complex
-Correct folding chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins
-Packaging proteins for protein trafficking
Vesicles
Membrane containers that help move materials
Mitochondria
Produces ATP energy that eukaryotic cells can use for cell work
What is the structure of mitochondria?
-Double membrane
-Outer=smooth
-inner=high convoluted cristae (folds)
lysosomes
-Used for digest variety of materials
-Have hydrolytic enzymes
Chloroplasts
-Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
-double membrane
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
Thylakoids
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy
Stroma
fluid between inner chloroplast membrane and outside thylakoids
Vacuoles
Storage
What do all cells do?
-Maintain homeostasis
-Store and transmit information
-Transfer energy
Cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Catabolism
breaking down, release ATP
Anabolism
build large molecules, use ATP
What cells have a nucleus?
Eukaryotic
What are the domains of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
What is the domain of eukaryotes?
Eukarya
Which cells have organelles?
Eukaryotes
Which cell is larger?
Eukaryotes (size)
Which cell has specialization?
Eukaryotes
Cytosol
Cytoplasm in eukaryotes
Compartmentalization in eukaryotes
\n -plasma membrane that establishes and maintains internal environments that are different from external environments
What compartmentalizes cells?
Cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles?
How is cell compartmentalization seen in lysosomes?
-hydrolytic enzymes function in highly acidic environment different from that of cytosol
How is cell compartmentalization seen in mitochondria?
-membrane folding minimizes surface area for metabolic reactions
How is cell compartmentalization seen in chloroplasts ?
Thylakoids are highly folded membrane compartments that increase efficiency of light dependent reactions
Where is the genetic information found in prokaryotes?
Nucleoid
How did mitochondria evolve?
By endosymbiosis of an aerobic prokaryote
How did chloroplasts evolve?
By endosymbiosis of photosynthetic prokaryotes
How are mitochondria and chloroplasts related to prokaryotes?
-Circular DNA
-Contain own ribosomes
-Produce by similar process
Which cells are part of the endomembrane system?
-Nucleus
-ER
-Vesicles
-Golgi Body
-Lysosomes
Which cell has a cell wall?
Plant cell
Why are cells typically small?
-moving materials in/out gets harder as size increases
What ratio is most efficient for exchange of materials?
larger surface area of volume ratio
As object get larger…
-surface area and volume increases
-surface area to volume ratio decreases
-volume increases faster than SA
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
Phospholipid bilayer
-Head: hydrophilic phosphate
-Tail: hydrophobic fatty acid
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Hypertonic solution
-Contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution
-Cell shrivels
Hypotonic solution
-Contain lower concentration of solute relative to another solution
-Cell explodes
Isotonic solution
same solute concentration
Active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Peripheral Protein
-loosely bound to surface area of membrane
-hydrophilic with charged and polar side groups
Integral protein
-Span the membrane
-hydrophillic with charged and polar side groups
-Hydrophobic with non-polar side group penetrates bilayer
What is the role of embedded protein?
Transport, cell-cell recognition, enzymatic activity