carbohydrate
biomolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
used to make energy (ATP) ex) starch, glucose, fructose
lipid
biomolecule that is fat
makes up the cell membrane with phospolipids, stores energy, and protects internal organs ex) fats, oils, waxes
protein
biomolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
made of amino acids
functions include growth, repair, and metabolic functions ex) hemoglobin, enzymes
nucleic acids
biomolecule that stores genetic material, carry out daily functions, and make proteins in protein synthesis ex)DNA, RNA
lysosome
organelle that carries out the digestive processes in a cell
rough ER
has ribosomes
makes proteins
smooth ER
detoxifies and makes lipids
golgi apparatus
sorts and distributes proteins
ribosomes
where proteins are made
binary fission
cell division the occurs in bacteria result: 2 identical organisms (clones)
mitosis
cell division in somatic cells of multicelled organisms (nonsex cells) that occurs for growth and development result: 2 cells with the same # of chromosomes as the parent cell
meiosis
cell division in gametes (sex cells)
makes reproductive cells result: 4 cells with half the # of chromosomes as the parent cell
plasma membrane
cell membrane composed of phospolipid molecules to serve as a boundary
semi
permeable
homeostasis
maintaining a balanced internal enviornment regarless of the external enviorment
passive transport
when substances pass across the membrane without requiring cellular energy ex) osmosis
osmosis
the diffusion of water across a memebrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
active transport
when cell enegry is required for substances to pass across the plasma membrane
cellular respiration
the process of transferring stored energy from glucose to energy for the cell (ATP)
cellular respiration formula
C6 H12 06 + 6O2
photosynthesis
the process by which plants make their own food (glucose)
photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight
virus
infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals: composed of an RNA or DNA core, a protein coat, and, in more complex types, a surrounding envelope.
bacteriophage
a virus that attacks bacterial cells
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
found in the nucleus of cells and contains the hereditary information for making proteins
made up of nucleotides
double helix, double stranded
nucleotide
building blocks of DNA
made up of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
DNA replication
must occur before a cell can divide ex) GATTACACG
RNA
ribonucleic acid
three types of RNA that are involved in making proteins
single stranded, sugar ribose, and RNA had Uracil instead of Thymine
mRNA
messanger RNA
a copy of the DNA code
tRNA
transfer RNA
carries the amino acids to the ribosomes to assemble proteins
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
makes up the ribosomes
codon
a sequence of 3 nucleotides of mRNA
codes for an amino acid
protein synthesis
the process by which the cell makes proteins using the DNA code
transcription
the DNA code is copied to make mRNA
hydrogen bonds between the DNA seperate
translation
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
genetics
the study of heredity
allele
alternate forms of genes
located on chromosome pairs
phenotype
physical appearance of an organism
genotype
actual gene makeup
homozygous
when both genes are the same
heterozygous
when the two genes are different
punnett square
chart used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of an organism
incomplete dominance
two different genes, when paired, blend together and produce a 3rd phenotype ex)red flower and white flower produce pink flowers
codominance
both alleles are expressed ex)a black chicken crossed with a white chicken produces a checkered chicken
sex
linked trait
multiple alleles
traits controlled by more than two alleles in a population ex)each individual has 2 genes for blood type, bur 3 alleles exist in our population. The type A allele and type B allele are codominant. Type O is recessive. This gives us 4 blood types. (A, AB, B, O)
karyotype
a picture of an organism's chromosomes
shows if an individual has too many or too few chromosomes
nondisjunction
when chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis and gametes receive extra or missing chromosomes
mutation
a change in the DNA of a cell
only passed to offspring if it occurs in a reproductive cell or gamete
can be beneficial ex)mistakes in replication, mistakes in transcription, external agents(chemicals,etc.)
evolution
the theory that organisms change over time
homologous structures
structures that are similar and suggest evolution from a common ancestor
vestigal strutures
structures that have little or no function but were probably used by ancestral organisms
natural selection
a scientific theory that explains the process of evolution
states that organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on to their offspring
taxonomy
the science of naming and classifying organisms
kingdoms
archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plant, and animal
phyla
smaller groups of the 6 kingdoms: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
scientific name
species name of an organism that includes the genus name followed by the specific name (should be italicized or underlined)
prokaryotic
no nucleus, no membrane
eukaryotic
nucleus, membrane
invertebrates
organisms with no backbone
vertebrate
organisms with a backbone
plant
like protists
produces much of the Earth's oxygen and green algae is said to be the ancestors of plants
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