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levels of organization
cell→tissues→organ→organ system→organism
organ systems
perform basic functions, one or more organs and other structures
organs
two or more types of tissue to perform a complex function
tissues
made up of multiple cells
epithelial tissue
thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs
connective tissue
various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, solid, or gel for support and insulation
muscle tissue
bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening or contracting
nerve tissue
long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends, conduct electrical impulses
the digestive system
organ system that takes in food, digests it, excretes waste
the digestive tract
one long tube with two openings
lined with epithelial tissue and goblet cells
layers of muscle tissues and nerves
purpose of goblet cells in the digestive tract
secretes mucus, mucus protects digestive tube from enzymes and allows materials to pass smoothly along tube
the mouth
begins process of breaking down food
mechanical breakdown in the mouth
teeth and tongue
chemical breakdown in the mouth
salivary enzymes produced by cells in epithelial tissue
the esophagus
muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach, made of smooth muscle tissue
what moves food along the esophagus
contractions
the stomach
holds and churns food, lining contains cells that produce digestive enzymes and acid
purpose of smooth muscle tissue in the stomach
contracts to mix stomach contents
the intestine
digestive tracts between the stomach and the anus, lining has mucus producing cells and many blood vessels
small intestine
6m long, narrow, where most digestion occurs, nutrients diffuse through walls and enter bloodstream
large intestine
colon, 1.5m long, absorbs water from indigestible food
accessory organs
liver, pancreas, gallbladder
liver
produces bile to help breakdown fats
pancreas
produces insulin to regulate concentration of glucose in blood
gallbladder
stores bile
the cell theory (1)
all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
the cell theory (2)
the cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
the cell theory (3)
all cells come from other cells, do not come from non-living material
cytoplasm
mostly water, allows organelles to move around
cell membrane
semi-permeable double layered wall that supports the cell
nucleus
contains genetic material that controls all cell activities
mitochondria
makes energy available to plants through cellular respiration, stores energy as a form of glucose
cellular respiration
glucose+oxygen→co2+water+energy
endoplasmic reticulum
3D network of branching tubes and pockets that extends from nuclear membrane to cell membrane fluid filled, transports proteins through cell and assists with production and release of hormone, involved with muscle contractions
golgi bodies
collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell, make and secrete mucus
vacuoles
single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac, contain substances, maintain turgor pressure
animal cell vacuole
many small vacuoles
plant cell vacuole
one central vacuole
cell wall
outside of cell membrane, cellulose provides support for the cell and protection
chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll, perform photosynthesis
photosynthesis
co2+water+energy (sunlight)→glucose+ox
purpose of cell division
to reproduce, grow, and repair damage
cell division for reproduction
asexual (binary fission) or sexual (meiosis)
cell division for growth
mitosis, number of cells increases
diffusion
transport mechanism for moving chemicals in and out of cell, from high concentration to low concentrationc
concentration
amount of a solute present in a given volume of solution
osmosis
movement of a fluid across a membrane towards high concentration
interphase
cell performs its normal functions, genetic material in long thing invisible strands, DNA is duplicated
mitosis
division of the contents of the nucleus
prophase
strands of DNA condense into chromosomes, made of two sister chromatids, nuclear membrane breaks downs
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase
centromere splits, sister chromatids separates, daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles
telophase
daughter chromosomes stretch and become invisible, nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis in animals
cleavage furrow formsc
cytokinesis in plants
cell plate forms between nuclei
spindle fibres
move chromosomes and attach to centromeres, form during late interphase, fibres pull to middle in prophase and metaphase, pull to opposite poles in anaphase
cell cycle checkpoints
specialized proteins monitor cell activities and cells surround
purpose of cell division
to reproduce, grow, and repair damage
cell division for reproduction
asexual (binary fission) or sexual (meiosis)
cell division for growth
mitosis, number of cells increases
diffusion
transport mechanism for moving chemicals in and out of cell, from high concentration to low concentrationc
concentration
amount of a solute present in a given volume of solution
osmosis
movement of a fluid across a membrane towards high concentration
interphase
cell performs its normal functions, genetic material in long thing invisible strands, DNA is duplicated
mitosis
division of the contents of the nucleus
prophase
strands of DNA condense into chromosomes, made of two sister chromatids, nuclear membrane breaks downs
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase
centromere splits, sister chromatids separates, daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles
telophase
daughter chromosomes stretch and become invisible, nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis in animals
cleavage furrow formsc
cytokinesis in plants
cell plate forms between nuclei
spindle fibres
move chromosomes and attach to centromeres, form during late interphase, fibres pull to middle in prophase and metaphase, pull to opposite poles in anaphase
cell cycle checkpoints
specialized proteins monitor cell activities and cells surround
purpose of cell division
to reproduce, grow, and repair damage
cell division for reproduction
asexual (binary fission) or sexual (meiosis)
cell division for growth
mitosis, number of cells increases
diffusion
transport mechanism for moving chemicals in and out of cell, from high concentration to low concentrationc
concentration
amount of a solute present in a given volume of solution
osmosis
movement of a fluid across a membrane towards high concentration
interphase
cell performs its normal functions, genetic material in long thing invisible strands, DNA is duplicated
mitosis
division of the contents of the nucleus
prophase
strands of DNA condense into chromosomes, made of two sister chromatids, nuclear membrane breaks downs