Exam 2 Review

Get a hint

hint

Positive sense RNA

Positive sense RNA

1. Ready for immediate translation

2. Makes negative sense RNA because that is its complement

Negative sense RNA

1. Uses RDRP, in virion

2. Makes a protein and positive sense RNA

RT

1. RT

2. Always retroviruses

3. RNA to DNA to RNA to protein

life cycle stages

1. adsorption

2. penetration

3. uncoating

4. synthesis

5. assembly

6. ran

adsorption

1. Sticks to surface of host cell

2. Viral attachment proteins

penetration

get into by endocytosis

uncoating

release nucleic acids

what cell does uncoating and penetration happen at the same time in

bacteria

synthesis

make nucleic acids and proteins

assembly

assembly by themselves

• if assembled right causes infection

release

getting out

• enveloped by budding

• naked by lysing cell

where are VAP on enveloped virus

envelope

where are VAP on naked virus

capsid

CPE-cytopathic effects

change in cell appearance due to virus

inclusion bodies

CPE- causes clumps

syncytia- CPE

CPE- big multicellular cells

acute infection

symptoms rapidly appear and then the virus disappears

• 1 and done

persistent infection

acute but the virus stays

• Anytime you have the virus you are infectious

• Leads to chronic infection

latent infection

virus is present in the body but not multiplying

• That virus is not infectious

cancer infection

acute and then the virus will be gone

• The virus has left behind cancer genes=oncogenes

lytic

goes through the regular life cycle

lysogenic cycle

injects nucleic acid into the chromosome

• Integrates into the chromosome and then just sits there

Prions

viral proteins

1. Contains NO dna or rna

2. NO cell membrane

3. NO cell wall

how do prions cause disease

through physical contact

• abnormal protein touches a normal protein

genome

sum total of genetic material of an organisms

• chromosomes or plasmids

chromosome

discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly package DNA molecule

• bacteria, has one

gene

a certain segment of DNA that contains necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule

genotype

actual gene

phenotype

physical result of gene

H bonds in DNA

nucleotides ( A T G C)

covalent bonds in DNA

backbone

Origin of replication

A T rich so it comes apart easily

• bacterial cell

• no origin no replication

recombinant steps

1. conjugation

2. transformation

3. transduction

conjugation

Pili DNA transfer

• Pili positive goes to pili negative

transformation

Naked DNA uptakes when competent (takes in foreign DNA)

transduction

DNA exchange using bacteriophages

transduction types

1. generalized

2. specalized

generalized

during lytic cycle, random DNA

specialized

during lysogenic cycle, specific DNA

spontaneous mutation

random change in DNA arising from errors in replication

induced mutation

results from pre exposure to known mutagens

1. radiation

2. chemicals

missense mutation

change in amino acid- do not know the function

non sense mutation

codes for STOP- NO function

silent mutation

changes nucleotide but does not change amino acid- functions

frameshift mutation

dd or delete- NO function

restriction endonucleases

cut the DNA sequences and then leave sticky ends behind

cDNA

DNA made from RNA

• Used to synthesize eukaryotic genes from mRNA transcripts and is free from introns

electrophoresis

produced a readable pattern of DNA fragments

• DNA negative charged will moved towards the positive end of gel

• Big particles move slower

• Must be cut with restriction endonuclease

• Must stain to be viewed

PCR

Genotypic test type

• 2 primers, grows by exponential rate

3 ways to identify bacteria

1. Genotypic

2. Phenotypic

3. Immunologic

phenotypic testing

1. Microscopy

2. Colony morphology

3. Biochemical testing

4. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

5. MALDI-TOF

genotypic testing

yes or no thing

must ask a lot of question

1. PCR

2. DNA sequencing

3. PFGE

4. DNA probe

5. FISH

immunologic testing

1. Immunofluorescence

2. Latex agglutination

3. ELISA indirect- antibodies

4. ELISA direct- antigen

antibody

test for presence of pathogen in patient

• test for immune response

antigen

comes from the pathogen

goals of clinical microbio

1. Identity causative agent

2. Characterize the pathogen

disinfection

lower microbe number on surfaces

sterlization

kills everything

antisepsis

lowers microbe number on body

sanitation

cleans, wipe things doqn

cide

kill

static

inhibit growth

2 most resistant

1. prions

2. endospores

autoclaving

15 psi=121 C=15 min

pasteurization and boiling

disinfect

baking in over

sterilization

incineration

sterilization even kills prions

ionizing radiation

passes through barrierss

filtiration

filters out small things, sterlizes

air filtration

hepa filters

chemicals used on people

1. halogen

2. hydrogen peroxide

3. phenol

4. alcohol

5. detergents

chemicals not used on people

1. chrlorohexadine

2. aldehydes

3. gases

4. heavy metals

5. dyes

factors that affect germicidal activity

1. nature of microorganism

2. nature of place it is in

3. time

4. expsiure

goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

destory infective agent without harming host cell

prophylaxis

use of a rug to prevent imminent infection of person at risl

microbistatic

numbers stay the same, until they die

microbicidal

agent kills it all, cannot grow or multiple

antibotics

made from nature

narrow spectrum

kills one group

broad spectrum

kills many groups

primary sites of action on bacterial cells

1. cell wall inhibitors

2. protein synthesis

3. folic acid synthesis

4. DNA synthesis

5. disrupt cell membrane

effect on cell wall

precent the cross linking of peptidoglycan

Vancomycin- cell wall

treats MRSA

beta lactam antibotics

1. cephalosporin

2. penicillin