Nutrition
body's intake and use of adequate amounts of necessary nutrients for tissue growth and energy production
Nutrients
substances obtained from ingested food that supply the body with energy; build and maintain bones, muscles and skin; and aid in the normal growth and function of each body system
an imbalance in the amount of nutrient intake and the body's needs
malnutrition
basic metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy output
major biochemical processess
anabolism, catabolism
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
factors affecting BMR
physical activity, type of food and frequency of eating, health conditions
Macro nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water
Micro nutrients
minerals and vitamins
Carbohydrates
simple or complex, 4 kilocalories perm gram
what can fiber be
soluble and insoluble
What is the main source of energy?
carbohydrates
How much carbohydrates do you need?
50-60%
what are some sources of carbohydrates?
bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, dried beans and fruit
how long do carbohydrates take take to break down
2 hrs
Stored forms of carbs
glycogen (muscle and liver)
what does fiber retain
water
what is the functions of fiber
increases the rate that food moves through the colon
too much fiber
diarrhea
Too little fiber
constipation
extreme low fiber
bowel obstruction
what can fiber lower
cholesterol
nursing actions related to fiber
add fiber gradually , drink plenty of water
what is fiber good for?
lowering blood sugar, preventing colon cancer, controlling weight, lowering cholesterol
when do you limit carbs?
polycystic ovarian disease, celiac disease, control carbs with diabetes
how much protein does the body need
10-20%
what are some sources of protein
milk, meats, legumes (nuts)
how long does protein take to break down
slow and provides energy for hours
protein calorie #
4
what is protein needed for
skin, hair, nails, fluid balance, tissue repair, enzymes, antibodies, RBC , WBC
What do complete proteins contain?
all essential amino acids
What do incomplete proteins lack?
one or more of the essential amino acids
what do strict vegetarians lack
incomplete proteins
what do incomplete proteins come from
non animal sources such as grains and nuts , legumes
What is albumin?
protein
normal limit of albumin
3.5-5
albumin deficiency can cause
edema, muscle wasting, loss of strength , slow wound healing
who has to be on a low protein diet
kidney disease, end stage liver disease
high protein is needed for
wound healing, people with burns , may need up to 9000 calories
who is most likely lactose intolerant
African Americans, Hispanics, indians, asians, elderly
symptoms of lactose intolerance
gas, diarrhea, bloating, cramping
lipids
fats
Triglycerides
most abundant lipids in your body and the richest source of energy
What are good fats?
unsaturated fats and omega 3 fatty acids and omega-6
What are fats needed for?
energy and for lipoproteins
Fats
fatty meats, ice cream cream oils, butter, cakes, pies, cookies
types of fat
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, fatty acids
trans fatty acids
bad fats, comes from animal sources and increase bad cholesterol
normal limit of triglycerides
under 150
What can LDL cause?
plaque and damage to your arteries
normal limit of LDL
under 100
normal limit for HDL
higher than 35
unsaturated fats
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, good fats , come from vegetable oils
Vitamin A is for
retinol (vision)
A lack of retinol (vitamin A) can cause
blindness, decreased immunity and dry skin
what are sources of vitamin A
orange and yellow vegetables
vitamin D also know as
cholecalciferol
What does vitamin D do?
promotes calcium absorption
what does vitamin D help with
strong bones, lower cholesterol
low vitamin D causes
rickets (bow legged)
Vitamin D sources
sun, proteins, eggs, whole milk, butter, liver, fatty fish
Vitamin E function
antioxidant
Vitamin K function
blood clotting and bone formation, bacteria in the intestines synthesize this vitamin
Vitamin K deficiency
hemorrhaging
what do babies get right after birth
a vitamin K shot
Vitamin K food sources are
green leafy veggies, milk, eggs, liver, cereal, and fruits
what are some water soluble vitamins
B and C
what is vitamin c used for
growth and repair, collagen
Vitamin C sources
citrus fruit, cantaloupe, strawberries, broccoli , brussel sprouts, chicken liver and kidney
Vitamin C deficiencies
Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
Bleeding gums and lost of teeth, muscle weakness, rough brown scaly skin, fractures, anemia, infection, death
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency
Beriberi, occurs in a world where diet is mainly white rice
Deficiency found in chronic alcoholics?
wernicke-korsakoff
Tx for thiamine deficiency
thiamine injection
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Promotes healthy skin, blood cells, brain, and nervous system.
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellagra with 4 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Sources for B3
most foods, deficiency due to diet of mainly corn
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Helps build body tissue and aids in metabolism of protein
sources of vitamin B6
protein , potato, and green veggies
deficiency of vitamin B6
confusion, seizures, also skin problems
toxicity of vitamin B6
numbness, inability to walk
Folate deficiency causes
neural tube defects, and anencephaly
sources of iron
meat, poultry, fish
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