propedeutics small animals- opthamalogic (eye) exploration

poodles, maltese, sheep dogs

what dog breeds are prone to eye irritation?

cocker spaniel, labradors, poodles, boston terrier, husky

what dog breeds are prone to cataracts?

beagles

what dog breeds are prone to lense luxation?

Golden and labrador retrievers, husky

what dog breeds are prone to progressive retinal atrophy?

cocker spaniels, saint bernards, basset hounds, mastiffs, bulldogs, newfoundlands, chow chows, springer spaniels, bull terriers

what dog breeds are prone to ectropion?

american staffordshire terrier, yorkshire terrier, irish setter, retrievers, boxer, bulldogs, spaniels

what dog breeds are prone to entropion?

bulldogs, pug, boxer, shar pei, pekingese, cocker spaniels

what dog breeds are prone to trichiasis?

great dane, mastiff, saint bernards, bernese mountain dogs, newfoundlands

(large breeds)

what dog breeds are prone to diamond eye?

Nystagmus, strabismus, glaucoma, progressive retinal atrophy

siamese cats are prone to what eye diseases?

cataracts, glaucoma, eye infections and irritations

british shorthairs are prone to what eye disease?

corneal sequestra, trichiasis, entropion, ocular irritation

persians are prone to what eye diseases?

uncontrolled eye twitching

the animal has a half-closed eyelid

what is blepharospasm?

droopy eyelids

what is ptosis/blepharoptosis?

ptosis/blepharoptosis

what is the word for this problem?

ptosis, miosis, enophtalmos, dry eye, third eyelid protrusion

dogs with Horner's syndrome have what eye signs?

horner's syndrome

these signs are typical of...

the lower eyelid rolls outward or is everted, exposing the conjunctival tissues and drying them out.

common in: cocker spaniels, saint bernards, basset hounds, mastiffs, bulldogs, newfoundlands, chow chows, springer spaniels, bull terriers

what is ectropion?

ectropion

what is this called?

the eyelid rolls inwards, usually causing the hair on the surface of the eyelid to rub against the cornea

what is entropion?

entropion- eyelid rolled inwards

what is this called?

eyelashes emerge normally, but are directed towards the eyeball

common in pekingese, cocker spaniel, pugs, bulldogs

what is trichiasis?

trichiasis

what is this?

the eyelids emerge through the duct of the tarsal gland, in the direction of the cornea

common in cocker spaniels, long hair dachshunds, English bulldog, golden retrievers, poodles and pekingese

what is districhiasis?

dystrichiasis

what is this called?

single or multiple hairs that grow through the inside of the

eyelid

common in Dachshounds, lhasa apso, shih tzus, boxers and Shetland sheepdogs.

what is ectopic cilia?

ectopic cilia

what is this called?

inflammation of the eyelids

they are red, swollen, itchy, have discharge, and the dog might have blepharospasms

common in dogs with facial folds and brachiocephalic breeds

what is blepharitis?

blepharitis

what is this called?

blepharitis

what is the word for eyelid inflammation?

Inability to fully close the eyelids and protect the cornea from drying and trauma

what is lagophtalmos?

lagophthalmos

the inability to fully close the eyelid is called...

adhesion between adjacent conjunctival surfaces (eyelids or third eyelid) and the cornea.

it is secondary to any severe conjunctival inflammation (ex- herpesvirus disease in cats)

what is symblepharon?

symblepharon

the condition where the conjunctival surfaces of the eye are adhered to the cornea is called......

symblepharon- adherence of conjunctiva and cornea

what is this called?

an inflammation of the meibomian gland. the opening of the gland gets clogged and the sebum secretion builds up

what is chalazion?

chalazion- an inflammation of the meibomian gland

what is this ?

bacterial infection of the meibomian gland, also called stye

what is a hordeolum?

drying of the cornea, chronic keratitis, conjunctivitis, decreased tear production

a removal or disease of the third eyelid can cause what problems?

the third eyelid is protruding

what is wrong here?

cherry eye- prolapse of the third eyelid gland

what is this called?

prolapse of the third eyelid gland. Red swollen mass on the medial cantus of the eye.

common in cocker spaniels, bulldogs, boston terriers, beagles, lhasa apso, shih tzu and Burmese and persian cats.

what is cherry eye?

cherry eye

the prolapse of the third eyelid gland is called...

white

normally, the bulbar conjunctiva should be what color?

pinkish

normally, the palpebral conjunctiva should be what color?

irritation or inflammation

if the conjunctiva is red, what is the problem?

cyanosis

if the conjunctiva is purple, what is the problem?

jaundice- usually liver problems

if the conjunctiva is yellow, what is the problem?

anemia

if the conjunctiva is too pale, what is the problem?

edema of the conjunctiva

what is chemosis?

an area of normal haired skin in an abnormal location on the eye.

common in german shepherds, dachshunds, and st bernards

what is a dermoid?

inflammation of the conjunctiva

what is conjunctivitis?

chemosis- edema of the conjunctiva

what is this called?

chemosis

edema of the conjunctiva is called...

dermoid

what is this called?

the continuous shedding of tears

if it is bilateral, it is due to an infection or irritation

if it is unilateral, it is due to a foreign body or trauma

what is epiphora? what might cause this?

epiphora

the continuous shedding of tears is called...

inadequate production of the aqueous portion of the tear film by the lacrimal glands

hypothyroidism, canine distemper, immune mediated disease

common in boston terriers, spaniels, english bulldogs, west highland white terrier, pekingese, pugs, yorkshire terrier, miniature shnauzer

what is keratoconjunctivitis sicca? what are the causes?

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

what is this called?

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

the inadequete production of the aqueous portion of the tear film by the lacrimal glands is called......

a test used to measure the tear production

what is the schirmer test?

schirmer test

what test is used to measure the tear production?

dogs- 15-25 mm

cats- 10-20 mm

what are the normal values we should get from a dog and cat when performing the schirmer test?

normally positioned globe that is enlarged due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)

what is bulhthalmos?

bulhthalmos

when an increased intraocular pressure causes an eye enlargement, this is called....

bulhthalmos

what is this called?

the eyeball is smaller than normal.

what is microphthalmia?

microphthalmia

common in Australians shepherds, Great dane, beagles, collies, Dobermans, Portuguese water dogs, Akitas, Miniature Schnauzer, Labrador retrievers and cavalier king Charles spaniels

when the eyeball is smaller than normal, this is called....

the globe is shrunken within the orbit (sunken eyes)

what is enophthalmos?

Enophthalmos (Sunken Eyes)

what is this called?

protrusion of the eyeball

this is normal in brachycephalic breeds

what is exophthalmos?

exophthalmos

what is this called?

proptosis

what is this called?

the sudden, anterior displacement of the globe (eyeball popping out)

what is proptosis?

the deviation of one or both ocular axes (eye is pointing a different direction)

caused by a problem with the rectus, oblique, and retractor muscles

what is strabismus?

strabismus

(bilateral, medial)

this is called...

involuntary, convulsive movement of the eyeball

what is nystagmus?

ulcer- superficial corneal defect (only the epithelium is affected)

desmetocele- deep corneal defect (the epithelium and stroma are effected)

what is the difference between an ulcer and a desmetocele?

desmetocele

a deep corneal defect, affecting both the epithelium and the stroma is called....

desmetocele

this is called..

desmetocele

what is this deep cornel defect called?

ulcer (superficial injury to the cornea)

what is this?

to diagnose ulcers on the cornea

what is the fluorescein test for?

fluorescein test

used to diagnose corneal ulcers. it is an orange solution that turns green when it touches the ulcer

what is this test?

fluorescein test

what test do we use to diagnose corneal ulcers?

corneal edema

what is this?

blue/cloudy

old animals

how does a corneal edema appear? in what animals is it common?

pannus

what is the problem here?

corneal edema + keratitis

what is wrong?

the cornea is white/foggy and the blood vessels are visible

how does keratitis appear?

an elevated pink mass appears on the cornea, as the disease progresses, the lesion becomes flat and spreads, and will become dark in color

common in german shepherds and belgian tervurens

what is pannus?

pannus

what is this called?

a disease of the eye where the intraocular pressure (IOP) is increased.

to treat it, we constantly drain the excess fluid from the iridocorneal angle (between the cornea and iris).

it can be primary or secondary to uveitis, lens luxation, or tumors

what is glaucoma?

15-25 mmHg

glaucoma

what should the normal IOP be? an increase in IOP is called....

a tonometer

it is used to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP)

what is this instrument?

tonometer

what instrument is used to measure the intraocular pressure?

Inflammation of the uveal tract.

A breakdown in the barrier between the eye and the blood supply allows white blood cells and other proteins to leak from the vasculature into the eye. The eye will have a hazy appearance.

what is uveitis?

adhesions between the iris and the cornea or the lens. it is the result of inflammation of the iris.

what is synechiae?

synechiae

adhesions between the iris and the cornea or the lens, due to inflammation of the iris is called _______

synechiae

what is this?

contraction of the pupil

dilatation of the pupil

miosis is _____

mydriasis is _____